E le tiisetso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lijalo tse tsitsitseng le tse teteaneng, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lik'hemik'hale e bapala karolo e ke keng ea nkeloa sebaka taolong ea likokoanyana.Neonicotinoids ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng.Li ngolisitsoe ho sebelisoa Chaena le linaheng tse fetang 120 ho kenyeletsa European Union, United States le Canada.Kabelo ea 'maraka e nka karolo e fetang 25% ea lefats'e.E laola ka boikhethelo li-nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) tsamaisong ea methapo ea kutlo, e holofatsa tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng le ho baka lefu la likokoanyana, 'me e na le litlamorao tse ntle tsa taolo ho Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, esita le likokoanyana tse itoanelang.Ho tloha ka Loetse 2021, ho na le chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea neonicotinoid e 12 naheng ea heso, e leng imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Ho na le mefuta e fetang 3,400 ea chloroploprine, fluoloprine, lihlahisoa tsa ho lokisa, ho kenyelletsa le nitenpyram, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid ngoe , eo har'a eona litokisetso tsa motsoako li ikarabellang ho feta 31%.Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram joalo-joalo.
Ka matsete a mangata a tsoelang pele a chefo ea likokonyana tsa neonicotinoid tikolohong ea temo ea tikoloho ea temo, letoto la mathata a mahlale a kang ho hanyetsa sepheo, likotsi tsa tikoloho le bophelo bo botle ba batho le tsona li atile.Ka selemo sa 2018, palo ea batho ba lebalang la k'hothone ea aphid sebakeng sa Xinjiang e ile ea e-ba le maemo a leka-lekaneng le a phahameng a ho hanyetsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid, eo ho eona khanyetso ea imidacloprid, acetamiprid le thiamethoxam e eketsehile ka makhetlo a 85.2-412 le makhetlo a 221-777, ka ho latellana le makhetlo a 1,29 ho isa ho a 1025. .Lithuto tsa machaba mabapi le khanyetso ea meriana ea Bemisia tabaci populations le tsona li bontšitse hore ho tloha 2007 ho isa 2010, Bemisia tabaci e bontšitse khanyetso e phahameng ho chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea neonicotinoid, haholo-holo imidacloprid le thiacloprid.Taba ea bobeli, chefo e bolaeang likokonyana tsa neonicotinoid ha e ame ka botebo palo ea baahi, boitšoaro ba ho fepa, matla a sebaka le thermoregulation ea linotsi, empa hape e na le phello e mpe ho nts'etsopele le ho ikatisa ha liboko.Ho phaella moo, ho tloha ka 1994 ho ea ho 2011, tekanyo ea ho lemoha likokoana-hloko tsa neonicotinoid ka har'a moroto oa motho e ile ea eketseha haholo, e bontšang hore ho kenngoa ka tsela e sa tobang le ho bokella 'mele oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid e eketseha selemo le selemo.Ka microdialysis bokong ba rat, ho ile ha fumanoa hore khatello ea clothianidin le thiamethoxam e ka etsa hore ho lokolloe dopamine ho likhoto, 'me thiacloprid e ka susumetsa keketseho ea lihomone tsa qoqotho ho plasma ea rat.Ho nahanoa hore chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea neonicotinoid e ka ama ho anyesa Tšenyo ho tsamaiso ea methapo le ea endocrine ea liphoofolo.Phuputso ea in vitro ea lisele tsa 'mele oa masapo a mesenchymal stem e netefalitse hore nitenpyram e ka baka tšenyo ea DNA le ho senyeha ha chromosomal, e leng se bakang keketseho ea mefuta ea oksijene e sebetsang ka hare ho lisele, e leng eona e amang phapang ea osteogenic.Ho ipapisitsoe le sena, Mokhatlo oa Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) o ile oa qala ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo bocha bakeng sa likokoanyana tse ling tsa neonicotinoid, mme European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) e boetse e thibetse le ho thibela imidacloprid, thiamethoxam le clothianidin.
Ho kopanngoa ha chefo e fapaneng ho ka liehisa feela khanyetso ea sepheo se le seng sa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le ho ntlafatsa tšebetso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, empa hape ho ka fokotsa bongata ba chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho pepesehela tikoloho, ho fana ka litebello tse pharalletseng tsa phokotso ea mathata a kaholimo a saense le ts'ebeliso e tsitsitseng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Ka hona, pampiri ena e ikemiselitse ho hlalosa lipatlisiso tse mabapi le ho kopanngoa ha likokoana-hloko tsa neonicotinoid le tse ling tse bolaeang likokoanyana tse sebelisoang haholo tlhahisong ea sebele ea temo, ho koahela chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea organophosphorus, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea carbamate, pyrethroids E le ho fana ka boitsebiso ba saense bakeng sa tšebeliso e utloahalang le tsamaiso e sebetsang ea neonicotinoid. chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.
1 Tsoelopele ea ho kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea organophosphorus
Likokoana-hloko tsa Organophosphorus ke likokoanyana tse tloaelehileng tse laolang likokoanyana tsa pele naheng ea heso.Li thibela ts'ebetso ea acetylcholinesterase mme li ama phetisetso e tloaelehileng ea methapo, e lebisang lefung la tse senyang lijalo.Likokoana-hloko tsa Organophosphorus li na le nako e telele ea ho sala, 'me mathata a chefo ea tikoloho le polokeho ea batho le liphoofolo a hlahella.Ho li kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid ho ka fokotsa ka katleho mathata a ka holimo a saense.Ha karo-karolelano ea metsoako ea imidacloprid le chefo e tloaelehileng ea organophosphorus malathion, chlorpyrifos le phoxim e le 1:40-1:5, phello ea taolo holim'a tšenyane ea leek e betere, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity e ka fihla ho 122.6-338.6 (sheba Lethathamo la 1)..Har'a tsona, phello ea taolo ea tšimo ea imidacloprid le phoxim ho hoaba ea peto e holimo ho 90.7% ho isa ho 95.3%, 'me nako e sebetsang e feta likhoeli tse 7.Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho lokisoa ha motsoako oa imidacloprid le phoxim (lebitso la khoebo la Diphimide) le sebelisitsoe ho 900 g / hm2, 'me phello ea taolo ho hoaba ea peto nakong eohle ea kholo e ne e feta 90%.Tokiso ea motsoako oa thiamethoxam, acephalate le chlorpyrifos e na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea likokoanyana khahlanong le k'habeche, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity e fihla ho 131.1 ho isa ho 459.0.Ho phaella moo, ha karo-karolelano ea thiamethoxam le chlorpyrifos e ne e le 1: 16, khatello ea halofo e bolaeang (LC50 value) bakeng sa S. striatellus e ne e le 8.0 mg / L, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le 201.12;Phello e babatsehang.Ha karo-karolelano ea nitenpyram le chlorpyrifos e ne e le 1∶30, e bile le phello e ntle ea synergistic taolong ea limela tse tšehelitsoeng tse tšoeu, 'me boleng ba LC50 e ne e le 1.3 mg/L feela.Motsoako oa cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, le dichlorvos o na le phello e ntle ea synergistic taolong ea hoaba ea koro, bollworm le flea beetle, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity ke 134.0-280.0.Ha fluoropyranone le phoxim li ne li tsoakoa ka karo-karolelano ea 1:4, coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le 176.8, e bontšang phello e totobetseng ea synergistic taolong ea tšenyane ea leek ea lilemo tse 4.
Ho akaretsa, chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea neonicotinoid hangata e kopantsoe le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea organophosphorus e kang malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, joalo-joalo. Ts'ebetso ea taolo e ntlafatsoa, 'me phello ea tikoloho ea tikoloho e fokotsehile ka katleho.Ho khothaletsoa ho nts'etsapele boitokisetso ba motsoako oa li-neonicotinoid tse bolaeang likokoanyana, phoxim le malathion, le ho fana ka melemo ea taolo ea litokisetso tsa motsoako.
2 Khatelo-pele ea ho kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea carbamate
Likokoana-hloko tsa carbamate li sebelisoa haholo temong, merung le temong ea liphoofolo ka ho thibela mesebetsi ea likokoanyana acetylcholinease le carboxylesterase, e leng se bakang ho bokellana ha acetylcholine le carboxylesterase le ho bolaea likokoanyana.Nako e khutšoanyane, 'me bothata ba ho hanyetsa likokoanyana bo tebile.Nako ea tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea carbamate e ka atolosoa ka ho kopanngoa le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid.Ha imidacloprid le isoprocarb li ne li sebelisoa taolong ea limela tse nang le mokokotlo o mosoeu ka karolelano ea 7:400, coefficient ea co-toxicity e fihlile holimo, e neng e le 638.1 (sheba Lethathamo la 1).Ha karo-karolelano ea imidacloprid le iprocarb e ne e le 1∶16, phello ea ho laola raese planthopper e ne e totobetse ka ho fetisisa, coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le 178.1, 'me nako ea phello e ne e le telele ho feta ea tekanyo e le' ngoe.Boithuto bo boetse bo bonts'itse hore 13% ea ho emisoa ha microencapsulated ea thiamethoxam le carbosulfan e bile le phello e ntle ea taolo le polokeho ho hoaba ea koro tšimong.d e eketsehile ho tloha ho 97.7% ho ea ho 98.6%.Kamora 48% ea ho emisoa ha oli ea acetamiprid le carbosulfan dispersible ho 36～60 g ai/hm2, phello ea taolo ho hoaba ea k'hothone e bile 87.1% -96.9%, mme nako e sebetsang e ka fihla matsatsi a 14, mme lira tsa tlhaho tsa k'hothone Aphid li bolokehile. .
Ho akaretsa, meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid hangata e kopantsoe le isoprocarb, carbosulfan, joalo-joalo, e ka liehisang khanyetso ea tse senyang lijalo tse kang Bemisia tabaci le hoaba, 'me e ka lelefatsa nako ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka katleho., phello ea taolo ea ho lokisetsa motsoako e molemo haholo ho feta ea moemeli a le mong, 'me e sebelisoa haholo tlhahisong ea sebele ea temo.Leha ho le joalo, hoa hlokahala ho ela hloko carbosulfur, sehlahisoa se senyang sa carbosulfan, se chefo haholo 'me se thibetsoe ho lema meroho.
3 Khatelo-pele ea ho kopanya le chefo ea pyrethroid
Likokoana-hloko tsa pyrethroid li baka mathata a ho fetisetsa li-neurotransmission ka ho ama likanale tsa sodium ion lera la methapo, e leng se lebisang lefung la tse senyang lijalo.Ka lebaka la matsete a feteletseng, matla a ho tlosa chefo le metabolism ea likokoanyana lia ntlafatsoa, maikutlo a sepheo a fokotseha, 'me khanyetso ea lithethefatsi e hlahisoa habonolo.Letlapa la 1 le bontša hore motsoako oa imidacloprid le fenvalerate o na le phello e betere ho aphid ea litapole, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity ea 2: 3 e fihla ho 276.8.Ho lokisoa ha motsoako oa imidacloprid, thiamethoxam le etherethrin ke mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho thibela likhohola tsa batho ba sootho ba limela, moo imidacloprid le etherethrin li kopantsoeng hantle ka karolelano ea 5: 1, thiamethoxam le etherethrin ka karolelano ea 7: 1 Ho kopanya ke e ntle ka ho fetisisa, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity ke 174.3-188.7.Motsoako oa ho emisoa ha microcapsule oa 13% thiamethoxam le 9% beta-cyhalothrin o na le phello e kholo ea synergistic, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity ke 232, e leng sebakeng sa 123.6- Ka har'a mefuta ea 169.5 g/hm2, phello ea taolo ho Hoaba ea koae e ka fihla ho 90%, 'me ke chefo e ka sehloohong e bolaeang likokoanyana bakeng sa taolo ea likokoanyana tsa koae.Ha clothianidin le beta-cyhalothrin li kopantsoe ka karolelano ea 1: 9, coefficient ea co-toxicity bakeng sa beetle ea letsetse e ne e le eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (210.5), e ileng ea liehisa ho etsahala ha clothianidin ho hanyetsa.Ha litekanyo tsa acetamiprid ho bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin le fenvalerate li ne li le 1:2, 1:4 le 1:4, coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ho tloha ho 409.0 ho ea ho 630.6.Ha litekanyo tsa thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin kaofela e le 5:1, coefficients ea co-toxicity e ne e le 414.0 le 706.0, ka ho latellana,' me phello e kopanetsoeng ea ho laola hoaba e ne e le ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa.Phello ea taolo ea motsoako oa clothianidin le beta-cyhalothrin (LC50 boleng ba 1.4-4.1 mg / L) ho aphid ea melon e ne e phahame haholo ho feta ea moemeli a le mong (LC50 bohlokoa ba 42.7 mg / L), le phello ea taolo matsatsing a 7 ka mor'a phekolo e ne e le. ka holimo ho 92%.
Hajoale, theknoloji e kopaneng ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea neonicotinoid le chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea pyrethroid e batla e holile, 'me e sebelisoa haholo ho thibela le ho laola mafu le likokoanyana tse senyang naha ea heso, e liehisang ho hanyetsa chefo ea pyrethroid le ho fokotsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid.chefo e ngata e setseng le e sa lebelloang.Ho feta moo, ts'ebeliso e kopaneng ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea neonicotinoid e nang le deltamethrin, butoxide, joalo-joalo e ka laola Aedes aegypti le Anopheles gambiae, e hanyetsanang le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea pyrethroid, 'me e fana ka tataiso bakeng sa thibelo le taolo ea likokoanyana tsa bohloeki lefatšeng ka bophara.bohlokoa.
4 Khatelo-pele ea ho kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea amide
Likokoana-hloko tsa Amide li thibela haholo-holo li-receptor tsa litlhapi tsa nitin tsa likokoanyana, e leng se etsang hore likokoanyana tsena li tsoele pele ho honyela le ho satalatsa mesifa ea tsona ebe lia shoa.Motsoako oa likokonyana tsa neonicotinoid le motsoako oa tsona o ka fokotsa ho hanyetsa likokoanyana le ho lelefatsa bophelo ba tsona.Bakeng sa taolo ea likokonyana tse shebiloeng, coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le 121.0 ho isa ho 183.0 (sheba Lethathamo la 2).Ha thiamethoxam le chlorantraniliprole li kopantsoe le 15∶11 ho laola li-larvae tsa B. citricarpa, coefficient e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea co-toxicity e ne e le 157.9;thiamethoxam, clothianidin le nitenpyram li ne li kopantsoe le snailamide Ha karo-karolelano e ne e le 10: 1, coefficient ea co-toxicity e fihlile ho 170.2-194.1, 'me ha karolelano ea dinotefuran le spirulina e le 1: 1, coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le e phahameng ka ho fetisisa,' phello ea taolo ho N. lugens e ne e hlolla.Ha litekanyo tsa imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran le sflufenamid li le 5:1, 5:1, 1:5 le 10:1, ka ho latellana, phello ea taolo e ne e le molemo ka ho fetisisa, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le molemo ka ho fetisisa.E ne e le 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 le 403.8, ka ho latellana.Phello ea taolo khahlanong le hoaba ea k'hothone (matsatsi a 7) e ka fihla ho 92,4% ho 98,1%, le phello ea taolo khahlanong le moth ea diamondback (matsatsi a 7) e ka fihla ho 91,9% ho 96,8%, le bokhoni ba kopo bo ne bo le boholo.
Ho akaretsa, ho kopanngoa ha neonicotinoid le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea amide ha e fokotse feela ho hanyetsa lithethefatsi ho tse senyang lijalo, empa hape ho fokotsa palo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa moruo, le ho khothalletsa tsoelo-pele e lumellanang le tikoloho ea tikoloho.Likokoana-hloko tsa Amide li hlahelletse taolong ea likokoanyana tse itoanelang, 'me li na le phello e ntle bakeng sa tse ling tse chefo tse nang le chefo e ngata le nako e telele e setseng.Karolo ea 'maraka e ntse e eketseha butle-butle,' me ba na le menyetla e pharaletseng ea tsoelo-pele tlhahisong ea sebele ea temo.
5 Khatelo-pele ea ho kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea benzoylurea
Likokoana-hloko tsa Benzoylurea ke chitinase synthesis inhibitors, tse senyang likokoanyana ka ho ama kholo ea tsona e tloaelehileng.Ha ho bonolo ho hlahisa khanyetso le mefuta e meng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, 'me e khona ho laola ka katleho likokoanyana tse hanyetsanang le organophosphorus le chefo ea pyrethroid.E sebelisoa haholo mefuteng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid.E ka bonoa ho Lethathamo la 2: motsoako oa imidacloprid, thiamethoxam le diflubenzuron o na le phello e ntle ea synergistic taolong ea larvae ea leek, 'me phello e ntle ka ho fetisisa ha thiamethoxam le diflubenzuron li kopantsoe ka 5:1.Ntho ea chefo e ka holimo ho 207.4.Ha karolelano ea motsoako oa clothianidin le flufenoxuron e ne e le 2: 1, coefficient ea co-toxicity khahlanong le li-larvae tsa leek larvae e ne e le 176.5, 'me phello ea taolo tšimong e fihlile ho 94.4%.Motsoako oa cyclofenapyr le chefo e fapaneng ea benzoylurea joalo ka polyflubenzuron le flufenoxuron e na le phello e ntle ea taolo holim'a tšoele ea diamondback le raese lekhasi la raese, e nang le coefficient ea co-toxicity ea 100.7 ho isa ho 228.9, e ka fokotsang matsete a mangata a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.
Ha ho bapisoa le chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea organophosphorus le pyrethroid, ts'ebeliso e kopaneng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid le benzoylurea e tsamaisana haholo le mohopolo oa nts'etsopele ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tala, e ka eketsang matla a taolo le ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Tikoloho ea tikoloho le eona e bolokehile haholoanyane.
6 Khatelo-pele ea ho kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea necrotoxin
Likokoana-hloko tsa Neretoxin ke nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, e ka bakang chefo ea likokoanyana le lefu ka ho thibela phetiso e tloaelehileng ea li-neurotransmitters.Ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea eona e pharaletseng, ha ho na mokhoa oa ho hula le ho tsuba, ho bonolo ho hlahisa khanyetso.Phello ea taolo ea li-reise stem borer le batho ba tri stem borer ba tsoetseng pele ho hanyetsa ka ho kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid e ntle.Letlapa la 2 le bontša: ha imidacloprid le insecticidal single li kopantsoe ka karolelano ea 2:68, phello ea taolo ho tse senyang lijalo tsa Diploxin ke eona e ntle ka ho fetisisa, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity ke 146.7.Ha karo-karolelano ea thiamethoxam le sebolaea-likokoanyana e le 'ngoe e le 1:1, ho ba le phello e kholo ea synergistic ho hoaba ea poone, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity ke 214.2.Tšusumetso ea taolo ea 40% ea thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent e ntse e le holimo ho feta letsatsi la 15 93.0%～97.0%, phello e tšoarellang nako e telele, 'me e bolokehile bakeng sa kholo ea poone.The 50% imidacloprid·insecticide ring soluble phofo e na le phello e babatsehang ea taolo holim'a mela ea khauta ea mela moth, 'me phello ea taolo e holimo ho 79.8% ho ea ho 91.7% matsatsi a 15 ka mor'a hore likokoanyana li thunya ka ho feletseng.
Joalo ka sebolaea-likokoanyana se ikemetseng se ntlafalitsoeng ke naha ea heso, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e na le kutloelo-bohloko ho joang, e fokotsang tšebeliso ea eona ho isa bohōleng bo itseng.Motsoako oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea necrotoxin le chefo ea neonicotinoid e fana ka litharollo tse ngata tsa taolo bakeng sa taolo ea likokoanyana tse hlasetsoeng tlhahisong ea 'nete, hape ke nyeoe e ntle ea ts'ebeliso leetong la nts'etsopele ea ho kopanya chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.
7 Khatelo-pele ea ho kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea heterocyclic
Likokoana-hloko tsa Heterocyclic ke tsona tse sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa le tse ngata ka ho fetisisa tse bolaeang likokoanyana ka tlhahiso ea temo, 'me boholo ba tsona li na le nako e telele ea ho sala tikolohong' me ho thata ho li senya.Ho kopanngoa le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid ho ka fokotsa ka katleho tekanyo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea heterocyclic le ho fokotsa phytotoxicity, 'me ho kopanngoa ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka tekanyo e tlaase ho ka bapala phello ea synergistic.E ka bonoa ho Lethathamo la 3: ha karolelano ea motsoako oa imidacloprid le pymetrozine e le 1: 3, coefficient ea co-toxicity e fihla holimo ho 616.2;Taolo ea Planthopper e sebetsa ka potlako ebile e tšoarella.Imidacloprid, dinotefuran le thiacloprid li ile tsa kopanngoa le mesylconazole ka ho latellana ho laola larvae ea kokoana e khōlō e ntšo ea gill, li-larvae tsa cutworm e nyenyane, le maleshoane.Thiacloprid, nitenpyram le chlorothiline li ne li kopantsoe le Motsoako oa mesylconazole o na le phello e babatsehang ea ho laola li-psyllids tsa citrus.Motsoako oa likokoanyana tse 7 tsa neonicotinoid tse kang imidacloprid, thiamethoxam le chlorfenapyr li bile le phello ea synergistic taolong ea tšenyane ea leek.Ha karo-karolelano ea thiamethoxam le fipronil e le 2: 1-71: 1, coefficient ea co-toxicity ke 152.2-519.2, tekanyo e kopantsoeng ea thiamethoxam le chlorfenapyr ke 217: 1, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity ke 857.4 e totobetseng. matla a ho laola mohlwa.Motsoako oa thiamethoxam le fipronil joalo ka setlhare sa pheko ea peo e ka fokotsa ka nepo bongata ba likokoanyana tse senyang koro tšimong le ho sireletsa lipeo tsa lijalo le lipeo tse melang.Ha karo-karolelano e tsoakiloeng ea acetamiprid le fipronil e ne e le 1:10, taolo e kopanetsoeng ea ntsintsi ea ka tlung e hananang le lithethefatsi e ne e le ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa.
Ka kakaretso, litokisetso tsa motsoako oa likokoana-hloko tsa heterocyclic ke haholo-holo li-fungicides, ho akarelletsa le pyridines, pyrroles le pyrazoles.Hangata e sebelisoa tlhahisong ea temo ho apesa peō, ho ntlafatsa lebelo la ho mela, le ho fokotsa likokoanyana le mafu.E batla e bolokehile bakeng sa lijalo le likokoana-hloko tse sa lebelloang.Likokoana-hloko tsa Heterocyclic, e le litokisetso tse kopantsoeng bakeng sa thibelo le taolo ea likokoanyana le mafu, li na le karolo e ntle ea ho khothalletsa nts'etsopele ea temo e tala, e bontšang melemo ea ho boloka nako, mosebetsi, moruo le tlhahiso e ntseng e eketseha.
8 Khatelo-pele ea ho kopanya le chefo ea likokoana-hloko le lithibela-mafu tsa temo
Likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko le lithibela-mafu tsa temo li lieha ho sebetsa, li sebetsa ka nako e khutšoanyane, 'me li angoa haholo ke tikoloho.Ka ho kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea neonicotinoid, e ka bapala phello e ntle ea synergistic, ea atolosa matla a taolo, hape e lelefatsa katleho le ho ntlafatsa botsitso.Ho ka bonoa ho Lethathamo la 3 hore motsoako oa imidacloprid le Beauveria bassiana kapa Metarhizium anisopliae o ekelitse ts'ebetso ea likokoanyana ka 60.0% le 50.6% ka ho latellana ka mor'a lihora tse 96 ha ho bapisoa le tšebeliso ea Beauveria bassiana le Metarhizium anisopliae feela.Motsoako oa thiamethoxam le Metarhizium anisopliae o ka eketsa ka katleho sekhahla sa lefu le tšoaetso ea fungal ea litšitšili.Ea bobeli, motsoako oa imidacloprid le Metarhizium anisopliae o bile le phello e kholo ea synergistic taolong ea maleshoane a malelele, le hoja palo ea fungal conidia e fokotsehile.Tšebeliso e tsoakiloeng ea imidacloprid le nematodes e ka eketsa sekhahla sa tšoaetso ea lintsintsi, kahoo ea ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea tsona ea tšimo le bokhoni ba ho laola likokoana-hloko.Tšebeliso e kopanetsoeng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea 7 neonicotinoid le oxymatrine e bile le phello e ntle ea taolo holim'a semela sa raese, 'me coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le 123.2-173.0.Ho feta moo, coefficient ea co-toxicity ea clothianidin le abamectin motsoakong oa 4:1 ho Bemisia tabaci e ne e le 171.3, 'me synergy e ne e le ea bohlokoa.Ha karolelano ea motsoako oa nitenpyram le abamectin e ne e le 1: 4, phello ea taolo ho N. lugens bakeng sa matsatsi a 7 e ka fihla ho 93.1%.Ha karo-karolelano ea clothianidin ho spinosad e ne e le 5∶44, phello ea taolo e ne e le molemo ka ho fetisisa khahlanong le batho ba baholo ba B. citricarpa, e nang le coefficient ea co-toxicity ea 169.8, 'me ha ho crossover pakeng tsa spinosad le li-neonicotinoids tse ngata tse bontšitsoeng Ho hanyetsa, ho kopantsoe le phello e ntle ea taolo. .
Taolo e kopanetsoeng ea likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko ke sebaka se chesang ho nts'etsopele ea temo e tala.Common Beauveria bassiana le Metarhizium anisopliae li na le litlamorao tse ntle tsa taolo ea tumellano le li-chemical agents.Sehlahisoa se le seng sa likokoana-hloko se angoa habonolo ke boemo ba leholimo, 'me katleho ea eona ha e tsitsa.Ho kopanya le li-neonicotinoid likokoanyana ho hlola bofokoli bona.Ha e ntse e fokotsa palo ea lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale, e tiisa phello e potlakileng le e tšoarellang ea litokisetso tse kopantsoeng.Maqhubu a thibelo le taolo a ekelitsoe, 'me moroalo oa tikoloho o fokotsehile.Ho kopanngoa ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le lik'hemik'hale tse bolaeang likokoanyana ho fana ka mohopolo o mocha bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea chefo e tala, 'me tebello ea ts'ebeliso e kholo.
9 Tsoelopele ea ho kopanya le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana
Motsoako oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid le tse ling tse bolaeang likokoanyana le tsona li bontšitse liphello tse babatsehang tsa taolo.E ka bonoa ho Lethathamo la 3 hore ha imidacloprid le thiamethoxam li kopantsoe le tebuconazole e le lisebelisoa tsa phekolo ea peo, liphello tsa ho laola hoaba ea koro li ne li le ntle haholo, 'me Biosafety e sa lebelloa ha e ntse e ntlafatsa sekhahla sa ho mela ha peo.Ho hlophisoa ha metsoako ea imidacloprid, triazolone le dinconazole ho bontšitse phello e ntle taolong ea mafu a koro le likokoanyana tse senyang lijalo.% ~99.1%.Motsoako oa meriana e bolaeang likokonyana ea neonicotinoid le syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) e na le phello e hlakileng ea synergistic ho aphid ea k'hothone.Ha karo-karolelano ea boima ba thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram le penpyramid e le 50:1-1:50, coefficient ea co-toxicity ke 129.0-186.0, e ka thibelang le ho laola ka katleho likokoanyana tse phunyang molomo.Ha karo-karolelano ea epoxifen le phenoxycarb e ne e le 1:4, coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le 250.0, 'me phello ea taolo holim'a semela sa raese e ne e le molemo ka ho fetisisa.Motsoako oa imidacloprid le amitimidine o ne o e-na le phello e totobetseng ea ho thibela hoaba ea k'hothone, 'me tekanyo ea synergy e ne e le holimo ka ho fetisisa ha imidacloprid e ne e le tekanyo e tlaase ka ho fetisisa ea LC10.Ha tekanyo ea boima ba thiamethoxam le spirotetramat e ne e le 10: 30-30: 10, coefficient ea co-toxicity e ne e le 109.8-246.5, 'me ho ne ho se na phello ea phytotoxic.Ho feta moo, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea oli e tala, lefats'e la diatomaceous le likokoanyana tse ling kapa li-adjuvants tse kopantsoeng le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid le tsona li ka ntlafatsa phello ea taolo ho tse senyang lijalo.
Tšebeliso e kopanetsoeng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tse ling haholo-holo e kenyelletsa triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, oli ea diminerale le lefats'e la diatomaceous, joalo-joalo mefuta ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Mehlala e kopanyang e boetse e bontša hore mefuta e mengata ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ka kopanngoa le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea neonicotinoid, e fana ka mekhoa e mengata ea ho laola likokoanyana.
10 Qetello le Maikutlo
Tšebeliso e atileng ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea neonicotinoid e lebisitse keketsehong e kholo ea khanyetso ea likokoanyana tse hlasetsoeng, 'me bofokoli ba tsona ba tikoloho le likotsi tsa ho pepeseha bophelo bo botle li fetohile libaka tsa morao-rao tsa lipatlisiso le mathata a ts'ebeliso.Motsoako o utloahalang oa chefo e fapaneng ea chefo kapa nts'etsopele ea li-synergistic agents ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa ho liehisa ho hanyetsa lithethefatsi, ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso le ho eketsa ts'ebetso, hape ke leano le leholo la ts'ebeliso e tsitsitseng ea chefo e joalo tlhahisong ea 'nete ea temo.Pampiri ena e hlahloba tsoelopele ea ts'ebeliso ea chefo e tloaelehileng ea neonicotinoid hammoho le mefuta e meng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, 'me e hlakisa melemo ea ho kopanya chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana: ① ho lieha ho hana lithethefatsi;② ho ntlafatsa phello ea taolo;③ ho atolosa matla a taolo;④ ho eketsa nako ea ts'ebetso;⑤ ho ntlafatsa phello e potlakileng ⑥ Laola kholo ea lijalo;⑦ Fokotsa tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana;⑧ Ntlafatsa likotsi tsa tikoloho;⑨ Fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa moruo;⑩ Ntlafatsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Ka nako e ts'oanang, tlhokomelo e phahameng e lokela ho lefshoa ho pepeseha ha tikoloho e kopantsoeng ea metsoako, haholo-holo polokeho ea likokoana-hloko tse sa lebelloang (mohlala, lira tsa tlhaho tsa likokoanyana) le lijalo tse hlokolosi ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea kholo, hammoho le litaba tsa saense tse joalo. e le phapang ea liphello tsa taolo e bakoang ke liphetoho tsa litšobotsi tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Ho etsoa ha chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ea setso ho nka nako ebile ho hloka mosebetsi o boima, ka litšenyehelo tse phahameng le potoloho e telele ea lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele.E le mokhoa o mong o sebetsang, ho kopanya chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, tšebeliso ea eona e utloahalang, ea saense le e tloaelehileng ha e lelefatse feela potoloho ea tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, empa hape e khothalletsa potoloho e ntle ea taolo ea likokoanyana.Tsoelopele e tsitsitseng ea tikoloho ea tikoloho e fana ka tšehetso e matla.
Nako ea poso: May-23-2022