Ho ka katleholaola menoangle ho fokotsa ho ata ha mafu ao ba a jereng, ho hlokahala mekhoa e meng ea maano, e tsitsitseng le e sireletsang tikoloho ho feta chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lik'hemik'hale. Re hlahlobile lijo tsa peo tse tsoang ho Brassicaceae (lelapa la Brassica) e le mohloli oa isothiocyanate tse tsoang limela tse hlahisoang ke enzymatic hydrolysis ea li-glucosinolate tse sa sebetseng ka har'a baeloji bakeng sa ho sebelisoa taolong ea Aedes ea Egepeta (L., 1762). Lijo tsa peo tse hlano tse se nang mafura (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 le Thlaspi arvense – mefuta e meraro e meholo ea ho se sebetse ha mocheso le ho senyeha ha enzymatic Lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale Ho fumana chefo (LC50) ea allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate le 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate ho li-larvae tsa Aedes aegypti ha li pepesehetse lihora tse 24 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). Litekanyetso tsa LC50 bakeng sa mosetareta, mosetareta o mosoeu le mohatla oa pere. Sejo sa peo e ne e le 0.05, 0.08 le 0.05 ka ho latellana ha e bapisoa le allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) le 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) e ne e le chefo ho liboko ka lihora tse 24 kamora kalafo ho feta 0.1 g/120 ml dH2O ka ho latellana. Liphetho tsena li tsamaellana le tlhahiso ea sejo sa peo ea alfalfa. Bokhoni bo phahameng ba li-ester tsa benzyl bo tsamaellana le boleng ba LC50 bo baliloeng. Ho sebelisa sejo sa peo ho ka fana ka mokhoa o sebetsang oa taolo ea menoang. katleho ea phofo ea peo ea cruciferous le likarolo tsa eona tse ka sehloohong tsa lik'hemik'hale khahlanong le liboko tsa menoang 'me ho bontša kamoo metsoako ea tlhaho e phofong ea peo ea cruciferous e ka sebetsang e le larvicide e tšepisang tikoloho bakeng sa taolo ea menoang.
Mafu a tšoaetsanoang ke dikokonyana a bakwang ke menoang ya Aedes e ntse e le bothata bo boholo ba bophelo bo botle ba setjhaba lefatsheng ka bophara. Ho ata ha mafu a tshwarwang ke menoang ho ata sebakeng sa 1,2,3 mme ho hlaha hape, e leng se lebisang ho qhomeng ha lefu le matla 4,5,6,7. Ho ata ha mafu hara batho le diphoofolo (mohlala, chikungunya, dengue, feberu ya Rift Valley, feberu e tshehla le vaerase ya Zika) ha ho so ka ho etswa pele. Feberu ya dengue feela e beha batho ba ka bang dibilione tse 3.6 kotsing ya tshwaetso dibakeng tsa tropike, mme ho hakanngwa hore mafu a tshwaeditsweng ke dimilione tse 390 a etsahala selemo le selemo, e leng se fellang ka mafu a 6,100–24,300 ka selemo 8. Ho hlaha hape le ho qhoma ha vaerase ya Zika Amerika Borwa ho hohetse tlhokomelo ya lefatshe ka bophara ka lebaka la tshenyo ya boko eo e e bakang ho bana ba tswetsweng ke basadi ba tshwaeditsweng 2. Kremer le ba bang 3 ba bolela esale pele hore mefuta ya menoang ya Aedes e tla tswela pele ho hola mme ka 2050, halofo ya baahi ba lefatshe e tla ba kotsing ya tshwaetso ke dikokwana-hloko tse tshwarwang ke menoang.
Ntle le liente tse sa tsoa etsoa khahlanong le dengue le feberu e tšehla, liente tse khahlanong le mafu a mangata a bakoang ke menoang ha li so hlahisoe9,10,11. Liente li ntse li fumaneha ka bongata bo fokolang 'me li sebelisoa feela litekong tsa bongaka. Taolo ea likokoana-hloko tsa menoang ka ho sebelisa likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana tsa maiketsetso e bile leano la bohlokoa la ho laola ho ata ha mafu a bakoang ke menoang12,13. Le hoja likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana tsa maiketsetso li atleha ho bolaee menoang, tšebeliso e tsoelang pele ea likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana tsa maiketsetso e ama hampe lintho tse phelang tse sa reretsoeng 'me e silafatsa tikoloho14,15,16. Se tšosang le ho feta ke mokhoa oa ho eketsa ho hanyetsa menoang khahlanong le likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana tsa lik'hemik'hale17,18,19. Mathata ana a amanang le likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana a potlakisitse ho batla mekhoa e meng e sebetsang le e mosa tikolohong ea ho laola likokoana-hloko tsa mafu.
Limela tse fapaneng li ntlafalitsoe e le mehloli ea lithibela-mafu tsa phytopesticides bakeng sa taolo ea likokoanyana20,21. Lintho tsa limela ka kakaretso li mosa tikolohong hobane lia bola 'me li na le chefo e tlase kapa e sa reng letho ho lintho tse phelang tse sa reretsoeng joalo ka liphoofolo tse anyesang, litlhapi le liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing20,22. Litokisetso tsa litlama li tsejoa ka ho hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng ea metsoako e sebetsang ea bioactive e nang le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ho laola ka katleho mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea bophelo ba menoang23,24,25,26. Metsoako e tsoang limela joalo ka oli ea bohlokoa le metsoako e meng e sebetsang ea limela e hapile tlhokomelo 'me e betlile tsela bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa ho laola li-vector tsa menoang. Lioli tsa bohlokoa, li-monoterpenes le li-sesquiterpenes li sebetsa e le li-lever, li thibela ho ja le li-ovicides27,28,29,30,31,32,33. Lioli tse ngata tsa meroho li baka lefu la liboko tsa menoang, li-pupae le batho ba baholo34,35,36, li ama methapo, phefumoloho, endocrine le litsamaiso tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa likokoanyana37.
Lithuto tsa morao tjena li fane ka temohisiso mabapi le tšebeliso e ka bang teng ea limela tsa mosetareta le peo ea tsona e le mohloli oa metsoako e sebetsang ka tlhaho. Sejo sa peo ea mosetareta se lekiloe e le biofumigant38,39,40,41 'me se sebelisitsoe e le phetoho ea mobu bakeng sa ho thibela mofoka42,43,44 le taolo ea likokoana-hloko tsa limela tse jang mobu45,46,47,48,49,50, phepo ea limela. nematodes 41,51, 52, 53, 54 le likokoanyana 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Tšebetso ea ho bolaea li-fungus ea phofo ena ea peo e amahanngoa le metsoako e sireletsang limela e bitsoang isothiocyanates38,42,60. Limeleng, metsoako ena e sireletsang e bolokoa liseleng tsa limela ka mokhoa oa li-glucosinolate tse seng tsa bioactive. Leha ho le joalo, ha limela li senyeha ke ho fepa likokoanyana kapa tšoaetso ea likokoana-hloko, li-glucosinolate li haelloa ke hydrolyzed ka myrosinase ho ba isothiocyanates tse sebetsang ka tlhaho55,61. Li-Isothiocyanate ke metsoako e feto-fetohang e tsejoang ka ho ba le ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea likokoana-hloko le ho bolaea likokoanyana ka bongata, 'me sebopeho sa tsona, ts'ebetso ea baeloji le litaba tsa tsona li fapana haholo har'a mefuta ea Brassicaceae42,59,62,63.
Leha li-isothiocyanate tse nkiloeng lijong tsa peo ea mosetareta li tsejoa li na le tšebetso ea ho bolaea likokoanyana, lintlha tse mabapi le tšebetso ea baeloji khahlanong le li-vector tsa bohlokoa tsa arthropod ha li eo. Phuputso ea rona e hlahlobile tšebetso ea ho bolaea li-larvical ea phofo e mene ea peo e ntšitsoeng mafura khahlanong le menoang ea Aedes. Li-larvae tsa Aedes aegypti. Sepheo sa thuto e ne e le ho lekola tšebeliso ea tsona e ka bang teng e le li-biopesticides tse sireletsang tikoloho bakeng sa taolo ea menoang. Likarolo tse tharo tse kholo tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa lijong tsa peo, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), le 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) le tsona li ile tsa lekoa ho leka tšebetso ea baeloji ea likarolo tsena tsa lik'hemik'hale holim'a li-larvae tsa menoang. Ena ke tlaleho ea pele ea ho lekola katleho ea phofo e mene ea peo ea khabeche le likarolo tsa eona tse ka sehloohong tsa lik'hemik'hale khahlanong le li-larvae tsa menoang.
Dikolone tsa laboratori tsa Aedes aegypti (mofuta wa Rockefeller) di ne di bolokilwe ho 26°C, mongobo wa 70% (RH) le 10:14 h (L:D photoperiod). Tse tshehadi tse nyetsweng di ne di kentswe ka hara dihoko tsa polasetiki (bophahamo ba 11 cm le bophara ba 9.5 cm) mme di fepuwa ka sistimi ya ho fepa ka botlolo ho sebediswa madi a dikgomo a nang le citrated (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA). Ho fepa ka madi ho ne ho etswa jwalo ka tlwaelo ho sebediswa membrane multi-glass feeder (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) e hokahantsweng le tube ya ho hlapa ka metsi a potolohang (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) ka taolo ya mocheso wa 37°C. Otlolla filimi ya Parafilm M tlase ho phaposi e nngwe le e nngwe ya ho fepa ka khalase (sebaka sa 154 mm2). Fepe e nngwe le e nngwe e ne e bewa hodima gridi e ka hodimo e kwahelang lehoko le nang le e tshehadi e nyetsweng. Hoo e ka bang 350–400 μl ea mali a likhomo e ile ea eketsoa ka har'a ferene ea khalase ea ho fepa ka ho sebelisa pipette ea Pasteur (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) 'me liboko tse hōlileng li ile tsa lumelloa ho ntša metsi bonyane hora e le 'ngoe. Tse tšehali tse immeng li ile tsa fuoa tharollo ea 10% ea sucrose 'me tsa lumelloa ho behela mahe pampiring ea sefe e mongobo e kentsoeng ka har'a likopi tsa soufflé tse hlakileng ka bonngoe (1.25 fl oz boholo, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA). Ka har'a keiti e nang le metsi. Beha pampiri ea sefe e nang le mahe ka mokotleng o koetsoeng (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) 'me u boloke mochesong oa 26°C. Mahe a ile a qhotsoa 'me li-larvae tse ka bang 200–250 li ile tsa holisoa ka har'a literei tsa polasetiki tse nang le motsoako oa rabbit chow (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) le phofo ea sebete (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA). le fillet ea tlhapi (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Germany) ka karolelano ea 2:1:1. Li-larvae tsa morao-rao tsa instar li sebelisitsoe litekong tsa rona tsa bioalysis.
Dipeo tsa dimela tse sebedisitsweng thutong ena di fumanwe mehloding e latelang ya kgwebo le ya mmuso: Brassica juncea (mosetareta o sootho-Khauta ya Pacific) le Brassica juncea (mosetareta o mosweu-Khauta ya Ida) ho tswa ho Pacific Northwest Farmers' Cooperative, Washington State, USA; (Garden Cress) ho tswa ho Kelly Seed and Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, USA le Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) ho tswa ho USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA; Ha ho le e nngwe ya dipeo tse sebedisitsweng thutong e ileng ya phekolwa ka chefo e bolayang dikokonyana. Dipeo tsohle di ile tsa sebetswa mme tsa sebediswa thutong ena ho ya ka melao ya lehae le ya naha le ho latela melao yohle ya mmuso le ya naha e amehang. Thuto ena ha e a ka ya hlahloba mefuta ya dimela tse fetotsweng lefutso.
Peo ea Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), White mosetareta (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) li ile tsa siloa hore e be phofo e ntle ho sebelisoa mochini oa Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal (Retsch, Haan, Jeremane) o nang le letlooeng la 0.75 mm le rotor ea tšepe e sa hloekang, meno a 12, 10,000 rpm (Tafole ea 1). Phofo ea peo e sitsitsoeng e ile ea fetisetsoa ho thimble ea pampiri 'me ea tlosoa mafura ka hexane ka har'a sesebelisoa sa Soxhlet ka lihora tse 24. Sampole e nyenyane ea mosetareta oa tšimo o tlositsoeng mafura e ile ea phekoloa ka mocheso oa 100 °C ka hora e le 'ngoe ho tlosa myrosinase le ho thibela hydrolysis ea glucosinolates ho theha isothiocyanate e sebetsang ka baeloji. Phofo ea peo ea horsetail e phekoloang ka mocheso (DFP-HT) e ile ea sebelisoa e le taolo e mpe ka ho fokotsa myrosinase.
Bongata ba glucosinolate ba dijo tsa peo tse se nang mafura bo ile ba fumanoa ka hararo ka ho sebedisa high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ho ya ka protocol e phatlaladitsweng pele ya 64. Ka bokhutšoanyane, 3 mL ya methanol e ile ya eketswa sampoleng ya 250 mg ya phofo ya peo e se nang mafura. Sampole ka nngwe e ile ya hlatsuwa ka bateng ya metsi metsotso e 30 mme ya tlohelwa lefifing ka 23°C ka dihora tse 16. Aliquot ya 1 mL ya lera la tlhaho e ile ya sefshwa ka sefe ya 0.45 μm ho ya ho autosampler. E sebetsa tsamaisong ya Shimadzu HPLC (dipompo tse pedi tsa LC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector bakeng sa ho lekola ho 237 nm; le module ya bese ya puisano ya CBM-20A), bongata ba glucosinolate ba dijo tsa peo bo ile ba fumanoa ka hararo. ho sebediswa software ya Shimadzu LC Solution version 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA). Kholomo e ne e le kholomo ea C18 Inertsil reverse phase (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, USA). Maemo a pele a mokhahlelo o tsamaeang a ne a behiloe ho 12% methanol/88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide ka metsing (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) ka sekhahla sa phallo sa 1 mL/min. Kamora ho enta 15 μl ea sampole, maemo a pele a ile a bolokoa metsotso e 20, 'me ka mor'a moo karolelano ea solvent e ile ea fetoloa ho 100% methanol, ka nako eohle ea tlhahlobo ea sampole ea metsotso e 65. Kou e tloaelehileng (e thehiloeng ho nM/mAb) e hlahisitsoe ke li-dilution tse latellanang tsa litekanyetso tsa sinapine, glucosinolate le myrosin tse sa tsoa lokisoa (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) ho hakanya sebabole sa lijo tsa peo tse se nang mafura. Maqhutsu a Glucosinolate disampoleng a ile a lekoa ho Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) ho sebediswa mofuta wa OpenLAB CDS ChemStation (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) o nang le kholomo e tshwanang mme o sebedisa mokgwa o hlalositsweng pele. Maqhutsu a Glucosinolate a ile a etswa qeto; a ka bapiswa pakeng tsa ditsamaiso tsa HPLC.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, e tsitsitseng) le benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) li rekiloe ho Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). 4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate e rekiloe ho ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA). Ha e hydrolyzed ka enzymatic ke myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, le glucosinolates li theha allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, le 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate, ka ho latellana.
Liteko tsa bioassay tsa laboratori li entsoe ho latela mokhoa oa Muturi et al. 32 ka liphetoho. Ho sebelisitsoe lijo tse hlano tsa peo tse nang le mafura a tlase thutong: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG le Ls. Li-larvae tse mashome a mabeli li ile tsa beoa ka har'a beaker ea 400 mL e lahloang ea litsela tse tharo (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) e nang le metsi a 120 mL a hloekisitsoeng (dH2O). Ho ile ha lekoa maemo a supileng a lijo tsa peo bakeng sa chefo ea liboko tsa monoang: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 le 0.12 g peo ea lijo/120 ml dH2O bakeng sa peo ea DFP, DFP-HT, IG le PG. Liteko tsa pele tsa bioassay li bontša hore phofo ea peo ea Ls e se nang mafura e chefo ho feta phofo e 'ngoe e 'ne ea peo e lekiloeng. Ka hona, re fetotse maemo a supileng a kalafo a dijo tsa peo tsa L ho maemo a latelang: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, le 0.075 g/120 mL dH2O.
Sehlopha sa taolo se sa phekoloang (dH20, se se nang tlatsetso ea lijo tsa peo) se kenyelelitsoe ho lekola lefu le tloaelehileng la likokoanyana tlas'a maemo a tlhahlobo. Liteko tsa chefo bakeng sa lijo ka 'ngoe tsa peo li ne li kenyelletsa li-beakers tse tharo tse pheta-phetoang tse tharo (li-larvae tse 20 tse qetellang ka beakre ka 'ngoe), bakeng sa kakaretso ea li-vial tse 108. Lijana tse phekoloang li ne li bolokiloe mochesong oa kamore (20-21°C) 'me lefu la li-larvae le tlalehiloe nakong ea lihora tse 24 le tse 72 tsa ho pepesehela khafetsa mahlorisong a kalafo. Haeba 'mele oa monoang le likaroloana tsa oona li sa sisinyehe ha o phunyeletsoa kapa o angoa ka spatula e tšesaane ea tšepe e sa hloekang, li-larvae tsa monoang li nkoa li shoele. Li-larvae tse shoeleng hangata li lula li sa sisinyehe sebakeng sa mokokotlo kapa sa mpa tlase ho setshelo kapa holim'a metsi. Teko e phetiloe ka makhetlo a mararo matsatsing a fapaneng ho sebelisoa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa li-larvae, bakeng sa kakaretso ea li-larvae tse 180 tse pepesetsoeng mahlorisong ka 'ngoe a phekolo.
Chefo ea AITC, BITC, le 4-HBITC ho liboko tsa menoang e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o tšoanang oa bioassay empa ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea phekolo. Lokisetsa litharollo tsa 100,000 ppm bakeng sa k'hemik'hale ka 'ngoe ka ho eketsa 100 µL ea k'hemik'hale ho 900 µL ea ethanol e feletseng ka har'a tube ea centrifuge ea 2-mL le ho sisinya metsotsoana e 30 ho kopanya hantle. Maemo a kalafo a ile a fumanoa ho latela liteko tsa rona tsa pele tsa bioassays, tse ileng tsa fumana hore BITC e na le chefo e ngata ho feta AITC le 4-HBITC. Ho fumana chefo, maemo a 5 a BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 le 12 ppm), maemo a 7 a AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 le 35 ppm) le maemo a 6 a 4-HBITC (15, 15, 20, 25, 30 le 35 ppm). 30, 45, 60, 75 le 90 ppm). Kalafo ea taolo e ile ea entoa ka 108 μL ea ethanol e feletseng, e leng se lekanang le bophahamo bo phahameng ba kalafo ea lik'hemik'hale. Liteko tsa biotest li ile tsa phetoa joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo, tsa pepesa kakaretso ea liboko tse 180 ka tekanyo ea kalafo. Ho shoa ha liboko ho tlalehiloe bakeng sa khatello e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea AITC, BITC, le 4-HBITC kamora lihora tse 24 tsa ho pepesehela liboko khafetsa.
Tlhahlobo ea probit ea lintlha tse 65 tsa lefu tse amanang le tekanyo e entsoe ho sebelisoa software ea Polo (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, mofuta oa 1.0) ho bala 50% ea lethal concentration (LC50), 90% ea lethal concentration (LC90), leralla, lethal dose coefficient, le 95% ea lethal concentration. ho latela linako tsa kholiseho bakeng sa likarolelano tsa tekanyo e bolaeang bakeng sa mahloriso a fetotsoeng ke log le likhakanyo tsa tekanyo le lefu. Lintlha tsa lefu li thehiloe holim'a lintlha tse kopantsoeng tse pheta-phetoang tsa li-larvae tse 180 tse pepesetsoeng mahlorisong ka 'ngoe a kalafo. Litlhahlobo tsa monyetla li entsoe ka thoko bakeng sa lijo ka 'ngoe tsa peo le karolo ka 'ngoe ea lik'hemik'hale. Ho latela nako ea kholiseho ea 95% ea karolelano ea tekanyo e bolaeang, chefo ea lijo tsa peo le likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale ho li-larvae tsa monoang e ne e nkoa e fapane haholo, kahoo nako ea kholiseho e nang le boleng ba 1 e ne e sa fapane haholo, P = 0.0566.
Liphetho tsa HPLC bakeng sa ho fumana li-glucosinolate tse kholo phofong ea peo e se nang mafura DFP, IG, PG le L li thathamisitsoe ho Tafole ea 1. Li-glucosinolate tse kholo phofong ea peo tse lekiloeng li fapane ntle le DFP le PG, tseo ka bobeli li neng li e-na le li-glucosinolate tsa myrosinase. Boleng ba myrosinin ho PG bo ne bo le holimo ho feta ho DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 le 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, ka ho latellana. Phofo ea peo ea L e ne e e-na le 36.6 ± 1.2 mg/g glucoglycone, athe phofo ea peo ea IG e ne e e-na le 38.0 ± 0.5 mg/g sinapine.
Liboko tsa menoang ea Ae. Aedes aegypti li ile tsa bolaoa ha li phekoloa ka lijo tsa peo tse se nang mafura, leha katleho ea kalafo e ne e fapana ho latela mofuta oa limela. Ke DFP-NT feela e neng e se chefo ho liboko tsa menoang kamora lihora tse 24 le tse 72 tsa ho pepesehela (Tafole ea 2). Chefo ea phofo ea peo e sebetsang e ile ea eketseha ka ho eketseha ha mahloriso (Setšoantšo sa 1A, B). Chefo ea lijo tsa peo ho liboko tsa menoang e ile ea fapana haholo ho latela 95% CI ea tekanyo e bolaeang ea litekanyetso tsa LC50 litlhahlobong tsa lihora tse 24 le lihora tse 72 (Tafole ea 3). Kamora lihora tse 24, phello e chefo ea lijo tsa peo ea L e ne e le kholo ho feta mekhoa e meng ea lijo tsa peo, ka ts'ebetso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa le chefo e phahameng ho liboko (LC50 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). Liboko li ne li sa utloisise DFP haholo ka lihora tse 24 ha li bapisoa le kalafo ea phofo ea peo ea IG, Ls le PG, ka boleng ba LC50 ba 0.115, 0.04 le 0.08 g/120 ml dH2O ka ho latellana, tse neng li le holimo ho feta boleng ba LC50. 0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Tafole ea 3). Boleng ba LC90 ba DFP, IG, PG le Ls e ne e le 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 le 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, ka ho latellana (Tafole ea 2). Khatello e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea DPP e ne e le 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O. Kamora lihora tse 24 tsa tlhahlobo, karolelano ea lefu la liboko e ne e le 12% feela, ha karolelano ea lefu la liboko tsa IG le PG e fihlile ho 51% le 82%, ka ho latellana. Kamora lihora tse 24 tsa tlhahlobo, karolelano ea lefu la liboko bakeng sa khaello e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea phekolo ea lijo tsa peo ea Ls (0.075 g/120 ml dH2O) e ne e le 99% (Setšoantšo sa 1A).
Mekhahlelo ea lefu e hakantsoe ho tloha karabelong ea tekanyo (Probit) ea Ae. liboko tsa Egepeta (liboko tsa linaleli tsa boraro) ho ea ho bongata ba lijo tsa peo lihora tse 24 (A) le lihora tse 72 (B) kamora kalafo. Mola o nang le matheba o emela LC50 ea kalafo ea lijo tsa peo. DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Tlhahlobong ea lihora tse 72, boleng ba LC50 ba lijo tsa peo tsa DFP, IG le PG e ne e le 0.111, 0.085 le 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O, ka ho latellana. Hoo e ka bang liboko tsohle tse pepesetsoeng lijo tsa peo ea L li ile tsa shoa kamora lihora tse 72 tsa ho pepesetsoa, kahoo lintlha tsa lefu li ne li sa lumellane le tlhahlobo ea Probit. Ha li bapisoa le lijo tse ling tsa peo, liboko li ne li sa utloisise kalafo ea lijo tsa peo ea DFP 'me li ne li e-na le boleng bo phahameng ba LC50 (Litafole tsa 2 le 3). Kamora lihora tse 72, boleng ba LC50 bakeng sa kalafo ea lijo tsa peo tsa DFP, IG le PG bo hakantsoe ho ba 0.111, 0.085 le 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, ka ho latellana. Kamora lihora tse 72 tsa tlhahlobo, boleng ba LC90 ba phofo ea peo ea DFP, IG le PG e ne e le 0.215, 0.254 le 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O, ka ho latellana. Kamora dihora tse 72 tsa tlhahlobo, karolelano ya lefu la diboko bakeng sa kalafo ya dijo tsa peo tsa DFP, IG le PG ka bongata bo boholo ba 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O e ne e le 58%, 66% le 96%, ka ho latellana (Setshwantsho sa 1B). Kamora tlhahlobo ya dihora tse 72, dijo tsa peo tsa PG di fumanwe di le chefo ho feta dijo tsa peo tsa IG le DFP.
Li-isothiocyanate tsa maiketsetso, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) le 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) li ka bolaea liboko tsa menoang ka katleho. Lihora tse 24 kamora kalafo, BITC e ne e le chefo ho liboko ka boleng ba LC50 ba 5.29 ppm ha e bapisoa le 19.35 ppm bakeng sa AITC le 55.41 ppm bakeng sa 4-HBITC (Tafole ea 4). Ha e bapisoa le AITC le BITC, 4-HBITC e na le chefo e tlase le boleng bo phahameng ba LC50. Ho na le liphapang tse kholo chefong ea liboko tsa menoang tsa li-isothiocyanate tse peli tse kholo (Ls le PG) lijong tse matla ka ho fetisisa tsa peo. Chefo e thehiloeng ho karolelano ea tekanyo e bolaeang ea boleng ba LC50 pakeng tsa AITC, BITC, le 4-HBITC e bontšitse phapang ea lipalo-palo hoo 95% CI ea karolelano ea tekanyo e bolaeang ea LC50 e sa kang ea kenyelletsa boleng ba 1 (P = 0.05, Tafole ea 4). Maqhubu a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a BITC le AITC a hakantsoe ho bolaea 100% ea liboko tse lekiloeng (Setšoantšo sa 2).
Likhakanyo tsa lefu li hakantsoe ho latela karabelo ea tekanyo (Probit) ea Ae. Lihora tse 24 kamora kalafo, li-larvae tsa Egepeta (li-larvae tsa instar ea boraro) li fihlile maemong a isothiocyanate a maiketsetso. Mohala o nang le matheba o emela LC50 bakeng sa kalafo ea isothiocyanate. Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC le 4-HBITC.
Tšebeliso ea li-biopesticides tsa limela e le li-agent tsa taolo ea li-vector tsa menoang e se e ntse e ithutoa khale. Limela tse ngata li hlahisa lik'hemik'hale tsa tlhaho tse nang le ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea likokoanyana37. Metsoako ea tsona e sebetsang ka bioloji e fana ka mokhoa o mong o khahlang ho feta li-insecticides tsa maiketsetso tse nang le bokhoni bo boholo ba ho laola likokoanyana, ho kenyeletsoa le menoang.
Limela tsa mosetareta li lengoa e le sejalo bakeng sa peo ea tsona, li sebelisoa e le linoko le mohloli oa oli. Ha oli ea mosetareta e ntšoa peong kapa ha mosetareta o ntšoa ho sebelisoa e le biofuel, 69 sehlahisoa se setseng ke lijo tsa peo tse ntšoang mafura. Lijo tsena tsa peo li boloka likarolo tse ngata tsa eona tsa tlhaho tsa biochemical le li-enzyme tsa hydrolytic. Chefo ea lijo tsena tsa peo e bakoa ke tlhahiso ea isothiocyanates55,60,61. Li-Isothiocyanates li thehoa ke hydrolysis ea glucosinolates ke enzyme myrosinase nakong ea ho nosetsa lijo tsa peo38,55,70 'me li tsejoa li na le litlamorao tsa ho bolaea fungus, bactericidal, nematicidal le chefo, hammoho le litšobotsi tse ling ho kenyeletsoa le litlamorao tsa kutlo ea lik'hemik'hale le litšobotsi tsa chemotherapeutic61,62,70. Lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore limela tsa mosetareta le lijo tsa peo li sebetsa ka katleho e le lintho tse bolaeang likokoanyana khahlanong le mobu le likokoanyana tse bolokiloeng lijong57,59,71,72. Phuputsong ena, re hlahlobile chefo ea lijo tsa peo tse 'ne le lihlahisoa tsa eona tse tharo tse sebetsang ka tlhaho AITC, BITC, le 4-HBITC ho li-larvae tsa menoang tsa Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Ho eketsa peo ka kotloloho metsing a nang le li-larvae tsa menoang ho lebelletsoe ho kenya tšebetsong lits'ebetso tsa enzymatic tse hlahisang isothiocyanate tse chefo ho li-larvae tsa menoang. Phetoho ena ea biotransformation e bontšitsoe ka karolo e itseng ke ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea li-larvicate e bonoang ea lijo tsa peo le tahlehelo ea ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea likokoanyana ha lijo tsa peo ea mosetareta tse nyane li phekoloa ka mocheso pele li sebelisoa. Kalafo ea mocheso e lebelletsoe ho senya li-enzyme tsa hydrolytic tse kenyang glucosinolates tšebetsong, ka hona li thibela ho thehoa ha isothiocyanate tse sebetsang ka tlhaho. Ena ke phuputso ea pele e netefatsang thepa ea ho bolaea likokoanyana ea phofo ea peo ea khabeche khahlanong le menoang tikolohong ea metsing.
Har'a phofo ea peo e lekiloeng, phofo ea peo ea watercress (Ls) e ne e le chefo ka ho fetisisa, e bakang lefu le phahameng la Aedes albopictus. Li-larvae tsa Aedes aegypti li ile tsa sebetsoa khafetsa ka lihora tse 24. Li-larvae tse tharo tse setseng tsa peo (PG, IG le DFP) li ne li e-na le ts'ebetso e liehang 'me li ntse li baka lefu le leholo kamora lihora tse 72 tsa kalafo e tsoelang pele. Ke lijo tsa peo tsa L feela tse neng li na le li-glucosinolate tse ngata, athe PG le DFP li ne li na le myrosinase 'me IG e ne e na le glucosinolate e le glucosinolate e kholo (Tafole ea 1). Glucotropaeolin e haelloa ke metsi ho BITC 'me sinalbine e haelloa ke metsi ho 4-HBITC61,62. Liphetho tsa rona tsa bioassay li bontša hore lijo tsa peo tsa L le BITC ea maiketsetso li na le chefo e ngata ho li-larvae tsa menoang. Karolo e ka sehloohong ea lijo tsa peo tsa PG le DFP ke myrosinase glucosinolate, e haelloang ke metsi ho AITC. AITC e sebetsa hantle ho bolaeng li-larvae tsa menoang ka boleng ba LC50 ba 19.35 ppm. Ha ho bapisoa le AITC le BITC, 4-HBITC isothiocyanate ha e na chefo e ngata ho diboko. Le hoja AITC e se na chefo e ngata ho feta BITC, boleng ba tsona ba LC50 bo tlase ho feta oli tse ngata tsa bohlokwa tse lekilweng ho diboko tsa dinko32,73,74,75.
Phofo ea rona ea peo e cruciferous bakeng sa tšebeliso khahlanong le liboko tsa menoang e na le glucosinolate e le 'ngoe e kholo, e etsang karolo e fetang 98-99% ea li-glucosinolate tsohle joalo ka ha ho laetsoe ke HPLC. Bongata ba li-glucosinolate tse ling li ile tsa fumanoa, empa maemo a tsona a ne a le ka tlase ho 0.3% ea li-glucosinolate kaofela. Phofo ea peo ea Watercress (L. sativum) e na le li-glucosinolate tsa bobeli (sinigrin), empa karolo ea tsona ke 1% ea li-glucosinolate tsohle, 'me litaba tsa tsona li ntse li le nyane (hoo e ka bang phofo ea peo ea 0.4 mg/g). Le hoja PG le DFP li na le glucosinolate e kholo e tšoanang (myrosin), ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea liboko ea lijo tsa tsona tsa peo e fapana haholo ka lebaka la boleng ba tsona ba LC50. E fapana ka chefo ho hlobo e phofshoana. Ho hlaha ha liboko tsa Aedes aegypti ho ka bakoa ke phapang ts'ebetsong ea myrosinase kapa botsitso lipakeng tsa lijo tse peli tsa peo. Mosebetsi oa Myrosinase o bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fumaneheng ha lihlahisoa tsa hydrolysis joalo ka isothiocyanate limela tsa Brassicaceae76. Litlaleho tse fetileng tsa Pocock et al.77 le Wilkinson et al.78 li bontšitse hore liphetoho mosebetsing oa myrosinase le botsitso li ka boela tsa amahanngoa le mabaka a liphatsa tsa lefutso le a tikoloho.
Boleng ba isothiocyanate bo sebetsang ba 'mele bo baloa ho latela boleng ba LC50 ba lijo ka 'ngoe tsa peo ka lihora tse 24 le tse 72 (Tafole ea 5) bakeng sa ho bapisoa le ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale tse tsamaellanang. Kamora lihora tse 24, isothiocyanate lijong tsa peo e ne e le chefo ho feta metsoako e hloekileng. Boleng ba LC50 bo baliloeng ho latela likarolo ka milione (ppm) tsa kalafo ea peo ea isothiocyanate bo ne bo le tlase ho feta boleng ba LC50 bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea BITC, AITC, le 4-HBITC. Re bone liboko li ja li-pellet tsa peo (Setšoantšo sa 3A). Ka lebaka leo, liboko li ka fumana tšoaetso e matla ho li-isothiocyanate tse chefo ka ho ja li-pellet tsa peo. Sena se ne se bonahala haholo kalafong ea lijo tsa peo ea IG le PG nakong ea ho pepesehela lihora tse 24, moo mahloriso a LC50 a neng a le tlase ka 75% le 72% ho feta kalafo ea AITC le 4-HBITC e hloekileng, ka ho latellana. Kalafo ea L le DFP e ne e le chefo ho feta isothiocyanate e hloekileng, ka boleng ba LC50 24% le 41% e tlase, ka ho latellana. Liboko tse phekolong ea taolo li ile tsa hlaha ka katleho (Setšoantšo sa 3B), ha boholo ba liboko tse phekolong ea lijo tsa peo li sa ka tsa hlaha 'me nts'etsopele ea liboko e ile ea lieha haholo (Setšoantšo sa 3B,D). Ho Spodopteralitura, li-isothiocyanate li amahanngoa le ho lieha ha kholo le tieho ea nts'etsopele79.
Liboko tsa Ae. Menoang ea Aedes aegypti li ne li lula li pepesetsoa phofo ea peo ea Brassica ka lihora tse 24-72. (A) Liboko tse shoeleng tse nang le likaroloana tsa peo ea lijo molomong (li pota-potiloe); (B) Kalafo ea taolo (dH20 ntle le peo e ekelitsoeng) e bontša hore liboko li hola ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng 'me li qala ho hola ka mor'a lihora tse 72 (C, D) Liboko li phekoloa ka peo ea lijo; peo ea lijo e bontšitse phapang ea kholo 'me ha ea ka ea hola ka potlako.
Ha re so ithute mokhoa oa litlamorao tse chefo tsa isothiocyanate ho liboko tsa menoang. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse fetileng ho bohloa bo bofubelu ba mollo (Solenopsis invicta) li bontšitse hore thibelo ea glutathione S-transferase (GST) le esterase (EST) ke mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ts'ebetso ea bioactivity ea isothiocyanate, 'me AITC, leha e le ts'ebetso e tlase, e ka boela ea thibela ts'ebetso ea GST. bohloa bo bofubelu bo tsoang kantle ho naha ka bongata bo tlase. Tekanyo ke 0.5 µg/ml80. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, AITC e thibela acetylcholinesterase ho li-weevil tsa poone tse kholo (Sitophilus zeamais)81. Lithuto tse tšoanang li tlameha ho etsoa ho hlakisa mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea isothiocyanate ho liboko tsa menoang.
Re sebelisa kalafo ea DFP e sa sebetseng ka mocheso ho tšehetsa tlhahiso ea hore hydrolysis ea li-glucosinolate tsa limela ho etsa li-isothiocyanate tse arabelang e sebetsa e le mokhoa oa taolo ea liboko tsa menoang ka lijo tsa peo ea mosetareta. Lijo tsa peo ea DFP-HT li ne li se na chefo ka sekhahla sa ts'ebeliso se lekiloeng. Lafarga le ba bang 82 ba tlalehile hore li-glucosinolate li na le kutloelo-bohloko ho senyeha ha mocheso o phahameng. Kalafo ea mocheso e boetse e lebelletsoe ho senya enzyme ea myrosinase lijong tsa peo le ho thibela hydrolysis ea li-glucosinolate ho etsa li-isothiocyanate tse arabelang. Sena se boetse se tiisitsoe ke Okunade le ba bang 75 ba bontšitse hore myrosinase e na le kutloelo-bohloko mochesong, e bontšang hore ts'ebetso ea myrosinase e ne e sa sebetse ka botlalo ha mosetareta, mosetareta o motšo le peo ea metso ea mali li pepesetsoa mocheso o fetang 80°. C. Mekhoa ena e ka fella ka tahlehelo ea ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea likokoanyana ea lijo tsa peo ea DFP tse phekoloang ka mocheso.
Ka hona, dijo tsa peo ya mosetareta le di-isothiocyanate tsa yona tse tharo tse kgolo di na le chefo ho diboko tsa menoang. Ka lebaka la dipharologanyo tsena pakeng tsa dijo tsa peo le kalafo ya dikhemikhale, tshebediso ya dijo tsa peo e ka ba mokgwa o sebetsang wa taolo ya menoang. Ho hlokahala hore ho hlwaywe diforomo tse loketseng le ditsamaiso tse sebetsang tsa ho fana ho ntlafatsa katleho le botsitso ba tshebediso ya phofo ya peo. Diphetho tsa rona di bontsha tshebediso e ka bang teng ya dijo tsa peo ya mosetareta e le mokhoa o mong wa ho nka dibolayadikokwanyana tse entsweng ka makgetlo a mangata. Theknoloji ena e ka ba sesebediswa se setjha sa ho laola dikokwana-hloko tsa menoang. Hobane diboko tsa menoang di atleha dibakeng tsa metsing mme di-glucosinolate tsa dijo tsa peo di fetolwa ka enzymatic ho ba di-isothiocyanate tse sebetsang ha metsi a ntse a fumanwa, tshebediso ya dijo tsa peo ya mosetareta metsing a tletseng menoang e fana ka bokgoni bo boholo ba taolo. Le hoja tshebetso ya ho bolaya diboko ya di-isothiocyanate e fapana (BITC > AITC > 4-HBITC), ho hlokahala dipatlisiso tse ding ho fumana hore na ho kopanya dijo tsa peo le di-glucosinolate tse ngata ho eketsa chefo ka tsela e tshwanang. Ena ke phuputso ya pele e bontshang ditlamorao tsa ho bolaya dikokwanyana tsa dijo tsa peo ya cruciferous e se nang mafura le di-isothiocyanate tse tharo tse sebetsang ho menoang. Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li bula motheo o mocha ka ho bontša hore lijo tsa peo ea k'habeche tse se nang mafura, e leng sehlahisoa se tsoang ho oli e nkiloeng peong, li ka sebetsa e le moemeli ea tšepisang oa ho bolaea liboko bakeng sa taolo ea menoang. Tlhahisoleseling ena e ka thusa ho ntšetsa pele ho sibolloa ha metsoako ea taolo ea limela le nts'etsopele ea tsona e le meriana ea likokoana-hloko ea biopesticides e theko e tlase, e sebetsang, le e mosa tikolohong.
Disete tsa data tse hlahisitsweng bakeng sa phuputso ena le ditlhahlobo tse hlahisitsweng di fumaneha ho mongoli ya tsamaellanang le yona ha ho kopuwa ka tsela e utlwahalang. Qetellong ya phuputso, disebediswa tsohle tse sebedisitsweng phuputsong (dikokonyana le dijo tsa peo) di ile tsa senngwa.
Nako ea poso: Phupu-29-2024