Ka katleholaola menoangle ho fokotsa sekhahla sa mafu ao ba a jereng, ho hlokahala mekhoa e meng ea maano, e tšoarellang le e baballang tikoloho ho fapana le chefo ea lik'hemik'hale.Re ile ra hlahloba lijo tsa peo ho tsoa ho Brassicaceae e itseng (lelapa la Brassica) e le mohloli oa li-isothiocyanate tse entsoeng ke limela tse hlahisoang ke enzymatic hydrolysis ea biologically inactive glucosinolates bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ho laola Aedes ea Egepeta (L., 1762).Lijo tsa peo tse nang le mafura a mahlano (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 le Thlaspi arvense - mefuta e meraro e meholo ea ho senyeha ha mocheso oa lik'hemik'hale le en lihlahisoa Ho fumana chefo (LC50) ea allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate le 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate ho Aedes aegypti larvae nakong ea ho pepeseha ha lihora tse 24 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O).LC50 boleng ba mosetareta, mosetareta o mosoeu le mohatla oa pere.lijo tsa peo e ne e le 0.05, 0.08 le 0.05 ka ho latellana ha li bapisoa le allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) le 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) e ne e le chefo ho feta ho larvae / 20 ml ka mor'a lihora tsa 20 gH ka mor'a lihora tse 24 ka tlhompho.Liphetho tsena li tsamaisana le tlhahiso ea lijo tsa peo ea alfalfa.Bokhoni bo phahameng ba benzyl esters bo lumellana le litekanyetso tse baloang tsa LC50.Ho sebelisa lijo tsa peo ho ka fana ka mokhoa o sebetsang oa taolo ea menoang.katleho ea phofo ea peo ea cruciferous le likarolo tsa eona tse kholo tsa lik'hemik'hale khahlanong le li-larvae tsa menoang 'me e bontša kamoo metsoako ea tlhaho ea phofo ea cruciferous e ka sebetsang e le larvicide e tšepisang tikoloho bakeng sa taolo ea menoang.
Mafu a bakoang ke likokoana-hloko a bakoang ke menoang ea Aedes e ntse e le bothata bo boholo ba bophelo ba sechaba lefatšeng ka bophara.Lefu la mafu a bakoang ke menoang le hasana sebakeng sa heno1,2,3 le ho hlaha hape, e leng se lebisang ho qhomeng ha mafu a matla4,5,6,7.Ho ata ha mafu har'a batho le liphoofolo (mohlala, chikungunya, dengue, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever le kokoana ea Zika) ha e e-s'o ka e e-ba teng.Dengue fever feela e beha batho ba ka bang limilione tse likete tse 3.6 kotsing ea tšoaetso libakeng tsa tropike, 'me ho hakanngoa hore mafu a limilione tse 390 a etsahala selemo le selemo, e leng se bakang mafu a 6,100-24,300 ka selemo8.Ho hlaha hape le ho qhoma ha kokoana-hloko ea Zika Amerika Boroa ho hohetse tlhokomelo ea lefatše ka bophara ka lebaka la tšenyo ea boko eo e e bakang baneng ba tsoetsoeng ke basali ba tšoaelitsoeng2.Kremer et al 3 ba bolela esale pele hore sebaka sa mefuta ea menoang ea Aedes e tla tsoela pele ho ata le hore ka 2050, halofo ea baahi ba lefatše e tla be e le kotsing ea ho tšoaetsoa ke li-arboviruses tse jereng menoang.
Ntle le liente tse sa tsoa etsoa khahlanong le dengue le yellow fever, liente tse thibelang mafu a mangata a bakoang ke menoang ha li e-s'o hlahisoe9,10,11.Meento e ntse e fumaneha ka bongata mme e sebelisoa feela litekong tsa bongaka.Taolo ea likokoana-hloko tsa menoang e sebelisang likokonyana tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso e bile leano le ka sehloohong la ho laola ho ata ha mafu a bakoang ke menoang12,13.Le hoja likokoana-hloko tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso li atleha ho bolaea menoang, tšebeliso e tsoelang pele ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ama hampe likokoana-hloko tse sa lebelloang le ho silafatsa tikoloho14,15,16.Ntho e tšosang le ho feta ke mokhoa oa ho eketseha ha menoang khahlanong le chefo ea lik'hemik'hale17,18,19.Mathata ana a amanang le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana a potlakisitse ho batloa ha mekhoa e meng e sebetsang le e baballang tikoloho ho laola likokoana-hloko tsa mafu.
Limela tse fapaneng li entsoe e le mehloli ea li-phytopesticides bakeng sa taolo ea likokoanyana20,21.Lintho tsa limela ka kakaretso li baballa tikoloho hobane li khona ho bola 'me li na le chefo e tlase kapa e ke keng ea lekanngoa ho likokoana-hloko tse sa lebelloang tse kang liphoofolo tse anyesang, litlhapi le liphoofolo tse phelang metsing20,22.Litokisetso tsa litlama li tsejoa ho hlahisa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea metsoako ea likokoana-hloko e nang le mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea liketso ho laola ka katleho mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea bophelo ea menoang23,24,25,26.Metsoako e entsoeng ke limela e kang oli ea bohlokoa le metsoako e meng e sebetsang ea limela e fumane tlhokomelo le ho betla tsela bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa ho laola likokoana-hloko tsa menoang.Lioli tsa bohlokoa, li-monoterpenes le li-sesquiterpenes li sebetsa e le li-repellents, li thibela ho fepa le li-ovicides27,28,29,30,31,32,33.Lioli tse ngata tsa meroho li baka lefu la li-larvae tsa menoang, li-pupae le batho ba baholo34,35,36, tse amang methapo ea kutlo, phefumoloho, endocrine le mekhoa e meng ea bohlokoa ea likokoanyana37.
Lithuto tsa morao-rao li fane ka temohisiso mabapi le tšebeliso e ka bang teng ea limela tsa mosetareta le lipeo tsa tsona e le mohloli oa metsoako ea bioactive.Lijo tsa peo ea mosetareta li lekiloe e le biofumigant38,39,40,41 'me tsa sebelisoa e le phetoho ea mobu bakeng sa ho thibela lehola42,43,44 le taolo ea likokoana-hloko tsa limela tse tsamaisoang ke mobu45,46,47,48,49,50, phepo ea limela.nematodes 41,51, 52, 53, 54 le tse senyang lijalo 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Ts'ebetso ea fungicidal ea phofo ena ea peo e hlahisoa ke metsoako e sireletsang ea limela e bitsoang isothiocyanates38,42,60.Limeleng, metsoako ena e sireletsang e bolokoa liseleng tsa semela ka mokhoa oa li-non-bioactive glucosinolates.Leha ho le joalo, ha limela li senngoa ke ho fepa likokoanyana kapa tšoaetso ea pathogen, glucosinolates e hydrolyzed ka myrosinase ho bioactive isothiocyanates55,61.Li-Isothiocyanate ke metsoako e sa tsitsang e tsejoang hore e na le ts'ebetso e pharaletseng ea likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko, 'me sebopeho sa tsona, ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko le litaba li fapana haholo har'a mefuta ea Brassicaceae42,59,62,63.
Leha li-isothiocyanate tse nkiloeng lijong tsa peo ea mosetareta li tsejoa li na le ts'ebetso e bolaeang likokoanyana, tlhahisoleseling mabapi le ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko khahlano le li-vector tsa arthropod tsa bohlokoa ho tsa bongaka ha li eo.Boithuto ba rona bo ile ba hlahloba ts'ebetso ea larvicidal ea li-powders tse 'ne tsa peo e senyehileng khahlano le menoang ea Aedes.Larvae ea Aedes aegypti.Sepheo sa thuto e ne e le ho lekola tšebeliso ea bona e ka bang teng e le meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko e baballang tikoloho bakeng sa taolo ea menoang.Likarolo tse tharo tse kholo tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa lijo tsa peo, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), le 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) le tsona li ile tsa lekoa ho hlahloba ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko ea likarolo tsena tsa lik'hemik'hale ho li-larvae tsa menoang.Ena ke tlaleho ea pele ea ho hlahloba katleho ea liphofshoana tse 'nè tsa peo ea k'habeche le likarolo tsa tsona tsa bohlokoa tsa lik'hemik'hale khahlanong le li-larvae tsa menoang.
Likolone tsa laboratori tsa Aedes aegypti (Mofuta oa Rockefeller) li ne li bolokiloe ho 26°C, 70% ea mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng (RH) le 10:14 h (L:D photoperiod).Tse tšehali tse nyetsoeng li ne li kenngoa ka har'a mekotla ea polasetiki (bolelele ba 11 cm le bophara ba 9.5 cm) 'me li feptjoa ka mokhoa oa ho fepa ka botlolo ka mali a likhomo (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA).Ho fepa ka mali ho ne ho etsoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho sebelisoa membrane ea multi-glass feeder (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) e kopantsoeng le tube e potolohang ea ho hlapa metsi (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) e nang le mocheso. taolo 37 °C.Otlolla filimi ea Parafilm M botlaaseng ba kamore e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea phepelo ea likhalase (sebaka sa 154 mm2).Ka mor'a moo, sefepi se seng le se seng se ne se behoa holim'a marang-rang a ka holimo a koahelang lesaka le tšehali e tšehali.Hoo e ka bang 350–400 μl ea mali a likhomo e ile ea eketsoa funeleng ea phepelo ea likhalase ho sebelisoa pipette ea Pasteur (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) le liboko tse kholo li ile tsa lumelloa ho tsoa bonyane hora e le 'ngoe.Basali ba bakhachane ba ile ba fuoa tharollo ea 10% ea sucrose 'me ba lumelloa ho behela mahe holim'a pampiri e mongobo e kentsoeng ka har'a likopi tsa soufflé tse hlakileng (1.25 fl oz size, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA).lesaka ka metsi.Beha pampiri ea sefene e nang le mahe ka mokotleng o tiisitsoeng (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) 'me u boloke ho 26°C.Mahe a ile a qhotsoa 'me li-larvae tse ka bang 200-250 li ile tsa hōlisetsoa ka litereneng tsa polasetiki tse nang le motsoako oa rabbit chow (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) le phofo ea sebete (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA).le tlhapi ea tlhapi (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Germany) ka karolelano ea 2:1:1.Li-larvae tsa morao-rao tsa boraro li ile tsa sebelisoa litlhahlobong tsa rona.
Sesebediswa sa peo ya dimela se sebedisitsweng thutong ena se ile sa fumanwa mehloling e latelang ya kgwebo le ya mmuso: Brassica juncea (sootho mosetareta-Pacific Gold) le Brassica juncea (white mustard-Ida Gold) ho tswa Pacific Northwest Farmers' Cooperative, Washington State, USA;(Garden Cress) ho tloha Kelly Seed le Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, USA le Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) ho tloha USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA;Ha ho peo e sebelisitsoeng thutong e ileng ea phekoloa ka chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Lisebelisoa tsohle tsa peo li ile tsa sebetsoa le ho sebelisoa thutong ena ho latela melao ea lehae le ea naha le ho latela melao eohle e amehang ea naha le naha.Phuputso ena ha ea ka ea hlahloba mefuta ea limela tsa transgenic.
Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), White mustard (IG), lipeo tsa Thlaspi arvense (DFP) li ile tsa siloa ho ba phofo e ntle ho sebelisoa leloala la Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal (Retsch, Haan, Germany) le nang le letlooeng la 0.75 mm le Stainless. rotor ea tšepe, meno a 12, 10,000 rpm (Letlapa la 1).Phofo ea peō ea fatše e fetisetsoa pampiring ea pampiri 'me e silafatsoe ka hexane ka sesebelisoa sa Soxhlet bakeng sa 24 h.Mohlala o mong oa mosetareta oa tšimo o senyehileng o ne o phekoloa ka mocheso ho 100 ° C bakeng sa 1 h ho tlosa myrosinase le ho thibela hydrolysis ea glucosinolates ho theha isothiocyanate e sebetsang ka biologically.Phofo ea peo ea pere e entsoeng ka mocheso (DFP-HT) e ne e sebelisoa e le taolo e mpe ka denaturing myrosinase.
Likahare tsa Glucosinolate tsa lijo tsa peo tse senyehileng li ile tsa khethoa ka makhetlo a mararo ho sebelisoa high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ho latela protocol e hatisitsoeng pele ea 64.Ka bokhuts'oane, 3 mL ea methanol e kentsoe sampoleng ea 250 mg ea phofo ea peo e senyehileng.Sampole e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e sonicated ka bateng ea metsi ka metsotso e 30 'me e siuoa lefifing ho 23 ° C ka lihora tse 16.1 mL aliquot ea organic layer e ile ea tlhotloa ka 0.45 μm filthara ka har'a lisampole.E sebetsa ka Shimadzu HPLC system (lipompo tse peli tsa LC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector bakeng sa ho beha leihlo ho 237 nm; le CBM-20A puisano ea bese module), ho ile ha khethoa glucosinolate ea lijo tsa peo. ka hararo .sebelisa Shimadzu LC Solution software version 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA).Kholomo e ne e le C18 Inertsil reverse phase phase (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, USA).Maemo a pele a mohato oa mohala a ne a behiloe ho 12% methanol / 88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide ka metsing (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) ka tekanyo ea phallo ea 1 mL / min.Ka mor'a ente ea 15 μl ea sampole, maemo a pele a ile a bolokoa ka metsotso e 20, 'me joale tekanyo ea solvent e fetotsoe ho 100% methanol, ka nako ea tlhahlobo ea sampole ea metsotso e 65.Mokokotlo o tloaelehileng (nM/mAb based) o ile oa hlahisoa ke ho hlapolloa ha li-serial tsa sinapine e sa tsoa lokisoa, glucosinolate le myrosin standards (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) ho hakanya hore na sebabole se teng lijong tsa peo e senyehileng.li-glucosinolates.Likarolo tsa Glucosinolate ka lisampole li ile tsa lekoa ho Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) ho sebelisoa OpenLAB CDS ChemStation version (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) e nang le kholomo e tšoanang le ho sebelisa mokhoa o hlalositsoeng pele.Likhakanyo tsa glucosinolate li ile tsa khethoa;e ka bapisoa le litsamaiso tsa HPLC.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, stable) le benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) li ile tsa rekoa ho Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate e rekiloe ho tsoa ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA).Ha enzymatic hydrolyzed ke myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, le glucosinolates theha allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, le 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate, ka ho latellana.
Litlhahlobo tsa laboratori li entsoe ho latela mokhoa oa Muturi et al.32 e nang le liphetoho.Ho ile ha sebelisoa lijo tse hlano tsa peo tse nang le mafura a tlase thutong: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG le Ls.Li-larvae tse mashome a mabeli li ile tsa behoa ka bekeng ea litsela tse tharo e lahloang ea 400 ml (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) e nang le 120 mL ea metsi a deionized (dH2O).Likarolo tse supileng tsa lijo tsa peo li ile tsa lekoa bakeng sa chefo ea larval ea menoang: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 le 0.12 g lijo tsa peo / 120 ml dH2O bakeng sa lijo tsa peo ea DFP, DFP-HT, IG le PG.Litlhahlobo tsa pele tsa bioloji li bontša hore phofo ea peo ea Ls e senyehileng e chefo ho feta mefuta e meng e mene ea peo e lekiloeng.Ka hona, re ile ra fetola mekhoa e supileng ea phekolo ea Ls seed meal ho ea ho tse latelang: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, le 0.075 g / 120 mL dH2O.
Sehlopha sa taolo e sa alafshwang (dH20, ha ho na tlatsetso ya dijo tsa peo) se kenyeleditswe ho lekola lefu le tlwaelehileng la dikokonyana tlasa maemo a tekolo.Litlhahlobo tsa chefo bakeng sa sejo se seng le se seng sa peo li kenyelelitse mabekere a mararo a moepa (li-larvae tse 20 tsa morao-rao tsa boraro ka beakeng), bakeng sa kakaretso ea linkho tse 108.Lijana tse phekotsoeng li ne li bolokiloe mocheso oa kamore (20-21 ° C) 'me lefu la larval le tlalehiloe nakong ea lihora tse 24 le 72 tsa ho pepeseha ho tsoelang pele ho tlhokomelo ea phekolo.Haeba 'mele oa monoang le lisebelisoa li sa sisinyehe ha li phunngoa kapa li ama ka spatula e tšesaane ea tšepe e sa hloekang, li-larvae tsa menoang li nkoa li shoele.Li-larvae tse shoeleng hangata li lula li sa sisinyehe sebakeng sa mokokotlo kapa sa ventral ka tlase ho setshelo kapa holim'a metsi.Teko e ile ea phetoa ka makhetlo a mararo ka matsatsi a fapaneng ho sebelisoa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa li-larvae, bakeng sa kakaretso ea li-larvae tse 180 tse pepesehetseng tlhokomelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea phekolo.
Chefo ea AITC, BITC, le 4-HBITC ho liboko tsa menoang e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o tšoanang oa tlhahlobo ea likokoana-hloko empa ka liphekolo tse fapaneng.Lokisetsa 100,000 ppm stock solutions bakeng sa k'hemik'hale ka 'ngoe ka ho eketsa 100 µL ea k'hemik'hale ho 900 µL ea ethanol e feletseng ka har'a tube ea 2-mL ea centrifuge le ho sisinyeha ka metsotsoana e 30 ho kopanya hantle.Maikutlo a kalafo a ile a khethoa ho ipapisitsoe le litlhahlobo tsa rona tsa pele, tse fumaneng BITC e le chefo ho feta AITC le 4-HBITC.Ho fumana chefo, 5 concentrations of BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 ppm), 7 concentrations of AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 le 35 ppm) le 6 concentrations of 4-HBITC (15 , 15, 20, 25, 30 le 35 ppm).30, 45, 60, 75 le 90 ppm).Kalafo ea taolo e ile ea kenngoa ka 108 μL ea ethanol e feletseng, e lekanang le boholo ba boholo ba phekolo ea lik'hemik'hale.Litlhahlobo tsa li-bioassays li ile tsa phetoa joalo ka holimo, tsa pepesa kakaretso ea li-larvae tse 180 ka mahloriso a phekolo.Ho shoa ha Larval ho tlalehiloe bakeng sa khatello e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea AITC, BITC, le 4-HBITC ka mor'a lihora tse 24 tsa ho pepeseha ho sa khaotseng.
Tlhahlobo ea probit ea lintlha tse 65 tsa batho ba shoang tse amanang le litekanyetso li entsoe ka Polo ea software (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, version 1.0) ho bala 50% lethal concentration (LC50), 90% lethal concentration (LC90), letsoapo, lethal dose coefficient, le 95 % mahloriso a bolaeang.e ipapisitse le linako tsa boitšepo bakeng sa litekanyo tsa lethal dose tse bolaeang bakeng sa mahloriso a fetotsoeng ka har'a log-transform le li-curves tsa ho shoa ha lethal dose.Lintlha tsa lefu li thehiloe ho data e kopaneng ea li-larvae tse 180 tse pepesehileng tlhokomelong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea kalafo.Litlhahlobo tsa Probabilistic li entsoe ka thoko bakeng sa sejo se seng le se seng sa peo le karolo ka 'ngoe ea lik'hemik'hale.Ho ipapisitsoe le nako ea kholiseho ea 95% ea karo-karolelano ea lethal dose e bolaeang, chefo ea lijo tsa peo le metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale ho li-larvae tsa menoang e ne e nkoa e fapane haholo, kahoo nako ea kholiseho e nang le boleng ba 1 e ne e sa fapane haholo, P = 0.0566.
Liphetho tsa HPLC bakeng sa qeto ea li-glucosinolate tse kholo ka phofo ea peō e senyehileng DFP, IG, PG le Ls li thathamisitsoe ho Lethathamo la 1. Li-glucosinolate tse kholo ka har'a limela tsa peo tse lekiloeng li fapane ntle le DFP le PG, tseo ka bobeli li nang le myrosinase glucosinolates.Litaba tsa myrosinin ho PG li ne li phahame ho feta DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 le 26.5 ± 0.9 mg / g, ka ho latellana.Ls phofo ea peo e ne e e-na le 36.6 ± 1.2 mg / g glucoglycone, athe phofo ea peo ea IG e ne e e-na le 38.0 ± 0.5 mg / g sinapine.
Larvae ea Ae.Menang ea Aedes aegypti e ile ea bolaoa ha e phekoloa ka lijo tsa peo e senyehileng, le hoja katleho ea phekolo e ne e fapane ho itšetlehile ka mefuta ea limela.Ke feela DFP-NT e neng e se chefo ho li-larvae tsa menoang ka mor'a lihora tse 24 le 72 tsa ho pepeseha (Letlapa la 2).Chefo ea phofo ea peo e sebetsang e ile ea eketseha ka ho eketseha ha mahloriso (setšoantšo sa 1A, B).Bohloko ba lijo tsa peo ho li-larvae tsa menoang bo fapane haholo ho latela 95% CI ea tekanyo e bolaeang ea litekanyetso tsa LC50 litekong tsa lihora tse 24 le lihora tse 72 (Letlapa la 3).Kamora lihora tse 24, phello e chefo ea lijo tsa peo ea Ls e ne e le kholo ho feta liphekolo tse ling tsa lijo tsa peo, tse nang le ts'ebetso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa le chefo e phahameng ho li-larvae (LC50 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O).Li-larvae li ne li sa amehe haholo ho DFP ka lihora tse 24 ha li bapisoa le kalafo ea phofo ea peo ea IG, Ls le PG, e nang le boleng ba LC50 ba 0.115, 0.04 le 0.08 g/120 ml dH2O ka ho latellana, tse neng li phahame ka lipalo ho feta boleng ba LC50.0,211 g/120 ml dH2O (Letlapa la 3).Litekanyetso tsa LC90 tsa DFP, IG, PG le Ls e ne e le 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 le 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, ka ho latellana (Letlapa la 2).Boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba DPP e ne e le 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O.Ka mor'a lihora tse 24 tsa tlhahlobo, karolelano ea ho shoa ha li-larval e ne e le 12% feela, ha palo ea batho ba shoang ba IG le PG larvae e fihlile ho 51% le 82%, ka ho latellana.Ka mor'a lihora tse 24 tsa tlhahlobo, karolelano ea ho shoa ha larval bakeng sa khatello e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea phekolo ea lijo tsa peo ea Ls (0.075 g / 120 ml dH2O) e ne e le 99% (setšoantšo sa 1A).
Likarolo tsa ho shoa li ne li hakanngoa ho tloha karabelo ea tekanyo (Probit) ea Ae.Li-larvae tsa Egepeta (3rd instar larvae) ho lijo tsa peo lihora tse 24 (A) le lihora tse 72 (B) ka mor'a phekolo.Mohala o nang le matheba o emela LC50 ea phekolo ea lijo tsa peo.DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Tlhahlobong ea lihora tse 72, boleng ba LC50 ba lijo tsa peo tsa DFP, IG le PG e ne e le 0.111, 0.085 le 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O, ka ho latellana.Hoo e ka bang li-larvae tse pepesehileng lijong tsa peo ea Ls li ile tsa shoa ka mor'a lihora tse 72 tsa ho pepeseha, kahoo lintlha tsa lefu li ne li sa lumellane le tlhahlobo ea Probit.Ha ho bapisoa le lijo tse ling tsa peo, li-larvae li ne li sa utloe hantle kalafo ea lijo tsa peo ea DFP 'me li na le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa LC50 (Letlapa la 2 le 3).Kamora lihora tse 72, litekanyetso tsa LC50 tsa kalafo ea lijo tsa peo ea DFP, IG le PG li ne li hakanngoa e le 0.111, 0.085 le 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, ka ho latellana.Kamora tlhahlobo ea lihora tse 72, boleng ba LC90 ba phofo ea peo ea DFP, IG le PG e ne e le 0.215, 0.254 le 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O, ka ho latellana.Ka mor'a lihora tse 72 tsa tlhahlobo, karolelano ea lefu la larval bakeng sa phekolo ea lijo tsa DFP, IG le PG ka tekanyo e kholo ea 0.12 g / 120 ml dH2O e ne e le 58%, 66% le 96%, ka ho latellana (Setšoantšo sa 1B).Kamora tlhahlobo ea lihora tse 72, lijo tsa peo ea PG li ile tsa fumanoa li le chefo ho feta lijo tsa peo tsa IG le DFP.
Synthetic isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) le 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) li ka bolaea liboko tsa menoang ka katleho.Ka mor'a lihora tse 24 ka mor'a phekolo, BITC e ne e le chefo ho lirvae ka boleng ba LC50 ba 5.29 ppm ha e bapisoa le 19.35 ppm bakeng sa AITC le 55.41 ppm bakeng sa 4-HBITC (Letlapa la 4).Ha ho bapisoa le AITC le BITC, 4-HBITC e na le chefo e tlase le boleng bo phahameng ba LC50.Ho na le phapang e kholo ea chefo ea menoang ea li-isothiocyanate tse peli tse kholo (Ls le PG) lijong tsa peo tse matla ka ho fetisisa.Chefo e ipapisitseng le tekanyo e bolaeang ea litekanyetso tsa LC50 lipakeng tsa AITC, BITC, le 4-HBITC e bonts'itse phapang ea lipalo hoo 95% CI ea LC50 e sa kenyelletseng boleng ba 1 (P = 0.05, Tafole. 4).Likhakanyo tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa BITC le AITC li hakanngoa hore li ka bolaea 100% ea libokoana tse lekiloeng (Setšoantšo sa 2).
Likarolo tsa ho shoa li ne li hakanngoa ho tloha karabelo ea tekanyo (Probit) ea Ae.Lihora tse 24 ka mor'a phekolo, li-larvae tsa Egepeta (3rd instar larvae) li fihletse metsoako ea maiketsetso ea isothiocyanate.Mohala o matheba o emetse LC50 bakeng sa kalafo ea isothiocyanate.Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC le 4-HBITC.
Tšebeliso ea li-biopesticides tsa semela joalo ka liente tse laolang menoang ke khale li ithutoa.Limela tse ngata li hlahisa lik'hemik'hale tsa tlhaho tse nang le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana37.Metsoako ea tsona ea bioactive e fana ka mokhoa o mong o khahlang ho feta chefo ea maiketsetso e nang le bokhoni bo boholo ba ho laola likokoanyana, ho kenyelletsa le menoang.
Limela tsa mosetareta li lengoa e le lijalo bakeng sa peo ea tsona, li sebelisoa e le linoko le mohloli oa oli.Ha oli ea mosetareta e ntšoa peōng kapa ha mosetareta e ntšoa hore e sebelisoe e le biofuel, 69 sehlahisoa se hlahisoang ke sejo sa peo e se nang mafura.Lijo tsena tsa peo li boloka likarolo tsa eona tse ngata tsa tlhaho tsa biochemical le li-enzyme tsa hydrolytic.Chefo ea lijo tsena tsa peo e bakoa ke tlhahiso ea isothiocyanates55,60,61.Li-Isothiocyanate li thehoa ke hydrolysis ea glucosinolates ka enzyme myrosinase nakong ea hydration ea lijo tsa peo38,55,70 'me li tsejoa hore li na le fungicidal, bactericidal, nematicidal le insecticidal liphello, hammoho le thepa e meng e kenyeletsang liphello tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa kutlo le chemotherapeutic properties61,62, 70.Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore limela tsa mosetareta le lijo tsa peo li sebetsa ka katleho e le li-fumigants khahlanong le mobu le likokoanyana tse bolokiloeng tsa lijo57,59,71,72.Thutong ena, re hlahlobile chefo ea lijo tsa peo tse 'nè le lihlahisoa tsa eona tse tharo tsa bioactive AITC, BITC, le 4-HBITC ho larvae ea menoang ea Aedes.Aedes Egepeta.Ho eketsa lijo tsa peo ka kotloloho metsing a nang le li-larvae tsa menoang ho lebelletsoe ho kenya tšebetsong lits'ebetso tsa enzymatic tse hlahisang li-isothiocyanate tse chefo ho li-larvae tsa menoang.Biotransformation ena e bonts'itsoe ka karolo ke ts'ebetso e bonoang ea ho bolaea peō ea lijo-thollo le tahlehelo ea ts'ebetso ea likokoanyana ha lijo tse nyane tsa peo ea mosetareta li ne li phekoloa mocheso pele li sebelisoa.Phekolo ea mocheso e lebelletsoe ho senya li-enzyme tsa hydrolytic tse kenyang li-glucosinolate, ka hona ho thibela ho thehoa ha isothiocyanate ea bioactive.Ena ke thuto ea pele ea ho netefatsa thepa e bolaeang likokoanyana ea phofo ea peo ea k'habeche khahlanong le menoang tikolohong ea metsing.
Har'a li-powders tsa peo tse lekiloeng, watercress peo ea phofo (Ls) e ne e le chefo ka ho fetisisa, e bakang lefu le phahameng la Aedes albopictus.Li-larvae tsa Aedes aegypti li ile tsa sebetsoa ka ho tsoelang pele ka lihora tse 24.Liphoofolo tse tharo tse setseng tsa peo (PG, IG le DFP) li ne li e-na le ts'ebetso e fokolang 'me li ntse li baka lefu le leholo ka mor'a lihora tsa 72 tsa phekolo e tsoelang pele.Ke lijo tsa peo ea Ls feela tse neng li e-na le li-glucosinolate tse ngata, athe PG le DFP li ne li na le myrosinase le IG e nang le glucosinolate e le eona glucosinolate e kholo (Letlapa la 1).Glucotropaeolin e entsoe ka hydrolyzed ho BITC mme sinalbine e entsoe ka hydrolyzed ho 4-HBITC61,62.Liphetho tsa rona tsa bioassay li bonts'a hore lijo tsa peo ea Ls le li-synthetic BITC li chefo haholo ho liboko tsa menoang.Karolo e ka sehloohong ea lijo tsa peo ea PG le DFP ke myrosinase glucosinolate, e entsoeng ka hydrolyzed ho AITC.AITC e sebetsa hantle tabeng ea ho bolaea li-larvae tsa menoang ka boleng ba LC50 ba 19.35 ppm.Ha ho bapisoa le AITC le BITC, 4-HBITC isothiocyanate ke chefo e fokolang ho li-larvae.Leha AITC e le chefo e nyane ho feta BITC, litekanyetso tsa bona tsa LC50 li tlase ho feta lioli tse ngata tsa bohlokoa tse lekiloeng ho larvae ea menoang32,73,74,75.
Phofo ea rona ea peo ea cruciferous bakeng sa ho sebelisoa khahlanong le li-larvae tsa menoang e na le glucosinolate e le 'ngoe e kholo, e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho feta 98-99% ea kakaretso ea glucosinolate e khethiloeng ke HPLC.Ho ile ha fumanoa li-glucosinolate tse ling, empa maemo a tsona a ne a le ka tlaase ho 0.3% ea kakaretso ea glucosinolates.Watercress (L. sativum) phofo ea peo e na le li-glucosinolate tsa bobeli (sinigrin), empa karolo ea tsona ke 1% ea kakaretso ea glucosinolates, 'me litaba tsa tsona li ntse li se na thuso (hoo e ka bang 0.4 mg / g phofo ea peo).Leha PG le DFP li na le glucosinolate e kholo (myrosin), ts'ebetso ea larvicidal ea lijo tsa bona tsa peo e fapana haholo ka lebaka la boleng ba bona ba LC50.E fapana ka chefo ho ea ho hlobo.Ho hlaha ha li-larvae tsa Aedes aegypti e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la phapang ea tšebetso ea myrosinase kapa botsitso lipakeng tsa lijo tse peli tsa peo.Mosebetsi oa Myrosinase o phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho bioavailability ea lihlahisoa tsa hydrolysis tse kang isothiocyanates limela tsa Brassicaceae76.Litlaleho tse fetileng tsa Pocock et al.77 le Wilkinson et al.78 li bontšitse hore liphetoho mosebetsing oa myrosinase le botsitso li ka boela tsa amahanngoa le liphatsa tsa lefutso le tsa tikoloho.
Likahare tse lebelletsoeng tsa bioactive isothiocyanate li ne li baloa ho ipapisitsoe le boleng ba LC50 ba lijo tsa peo ka 'ngoe ka lihora tse 24 le 72 (Letlapa la 5) ha li bapisoa le ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale tse tsamaellanang.Ka mor'a lihora tse 24, li-isothiocyanate lijong tsa peo li ne li le chefo ho feta metsoako e hloekileng.Litekanyetso tsa LC50 tse baloang ho ipapisitsoe le likarolo ho milione (ppm) ea kalafo ea peo ea isothiocyanate e ne e le tlase ho boleng ba LC50 bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa BITC, AITC, le 4-HBITC.Re ile ra bona li-larvae li ja li-pellets tsa lijo tsa peo (Setšoantšo sa 3A).Ka lebaka leo, li-larvae li ka pepesehela li-isothiocyanate tse chefo ka ho ja li-pellets tsa lijo tsa peo.Sena se ile sa totobala haholo kalafong ea lijo tsa IG le PG nakong ea ho pepeseha ha 24-h, moo likhakanyo tsa LC50 li neng li le 75% le 72% e tlase ho feta kalafo e hloekileng ea AITC le 4-HBITC, ka ho latellana.Liphekolo tsa Ls le DFP li ne li le chefo ho feta isothiocyanate e hloekileng, e nang le boleng ba LC50 24% le 41% tlase, ka ho latellana.Larvae ka kalafo ya taolo ka katleho pupated (sa feiga. 3B), ha a ntse a ka ho fetisisa larvae ka peō lijo kalafo ne ke sa pupate le ntshetsopele ya larval ne haholo lieha (sa feiga. 3B, D).Ho Spodopteralitura, li-isothiocyanate li amahanngoa le ho lieha ho hola le ho lieha ha tsoelo-pele79.
Larvae ea Ae.Menang ea Aedes aegypti e ne e lula e pepesehetse phofo ea peo ea Brassica ka lihora tse 24-72.(A) Li-larvae tse shoeleng tse nang le likaroloana tsa lijo tsa peo ka molomong (li pota-potiloe);(B) Phekolo ea ho laola (dH20 ntle le lijo tsa peo e ekelitsoeng) e bontša hore li-larvae li hōla ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng 'me li qala ho phunya ka mor'a lihora tse 72 (C, D) Li-larvae tse phekoloang ka lijo tsa peo;lijo tsa peo li bontšitse phapang ea tsoelo-pele 'me ha lia ka tsa pupate.
Ha rea ithuta mokhoa oa litlamorao tse chefo tsa isothiocyanate ho larvae ea menoang.Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse fetileng ho likokoanyana tse khubelu tsa mollo (Solenopsis invicta) li bontšitse hore ho thibela glutathione S-transferase (GST) le esterase (EST) ke mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa isothiocyanate bioactivity, 'me AITC, esita le mosebetsing o tlaase, e ka boela ea thibela mosebetsi oa GST. .bohloa bo bofubelu bo tsoang kantle ho naha bo maemong a tlase.Tekanyetso ke 0.5 µg/ml80.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, AITC e thibela acetylcholinesterase ho li-weevil tsa poone tse kholo (Sitophilus zeamais)81.Liphuputso tse ts'oanang li tlameha ho etsoa ho hlakisa mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea isothiocyanate ho larvae ea menoang.
Re sebelisa phekolo ea DFP e sa sebetsaneng le mocheso ho tšehetsa tlhahiso ea hore hydrolysis ea limela glucosinolates ho theha isothiocyanate e sebetsang e sebetsa e le mokhoa oa ho laola larval ea menoang ka lijo tsa peo ea mosetareta.Lijo tsa peo tsa DFP-HT li ne li se chefo ho litekanyetso tsa kopo tse lekiloeng.Lafarga et al.82 e tlaleha hore li-glucosinolate li na le maikutlo a ho senyeha ha mocheso o phahameng.Phekolo ea mocheso e boetse e lebelletsoe ho nyenyefatsa enzyme ea myrosinase lijong tsa peo le ho thibela hydrolysis ea li-glucosinolate ho theha isothiocyanate e sebetsang.Sena se boetse se tiisitsoe ke Okunade et al.75 e bonts'itse hore myrosinase ha e na mocheso oa mocheso, e bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea myrosinase e ne e sa sebetse ka botlalo ha mosetareta, mosetareta o motšo le lipeo tsa bloodroot li ne li pepesehetse mocheso o ka holimo ho 80 °.C. Mekhoa ena e ka 'na ea fella ka tahlehelo ea ts'ebetso e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lijo tsa peo ea DFP e nang le mocheso.
Kahoo, phofo ea peo ea mosetareta le li-isothiocyanate tsa eona tse tharo tse kholo li chefo ho li-larvae tsa menoang.Ka lebaka la liphapang tsena pakeng tsa lijo tsa peo le phekolo ea lik'hemik'hale, tšebeliso ea lijo-thollo tsa peo e ka 'na ea e-ba mokhoa o atlehang oa ho laola menoang.Ho na le tlhokahalo ea ho khetholla mekhoa e loketseng le mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho fana ka thepa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le botsitso ba tšebeliso ea phofo ea peo.Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a ts'ebeliso e ka bang teng ea phofo ea peo ea mosetareta e le mokhoa o mong oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Theknoloji ena e ka fetoha sesebelisoa se ncha sa ho laola likokoana-hloko tsa menoang.Hobane li-larvae tsa menoang li atleha libakeng tsa metsing 'me li-glucosinolate tsa lijo tsa peo li fetoloa ka mokhoa oa enzymatic ho li-isothiocyanate tse sebetsang holim'a metsi, tšebeliso ea lijo tsa mosetareta metsing a tletseng menoang e fana ka matla a maholo a ho laola.Leha ts'ebetso ea larvicidal ea isothiocyanates e fapana (BITC> AITC> 4-HBITC), lipatlisiso tse ling lia hlokahala ho fumana hore na ho kopanya lijo tsa peo le li-glucosinolate tse ngata ka synergistically ho eketsa chefo.Ena ke thuto ea pele e bonts'ang litlamorao tse bolaeang likokoanyana tsa lijo tsa peo ea cruciferous e senyehileng le li-isothiocyanate tse tharo tsa bioactive holim'a menoang.Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li senya mobu o mocha ka ho bontša hore lijo-thollo tsa peō ea k'habeche e tlositsoeng mafura, e leng sehlahisoa sa oli e tsoang lipeong, e ka 'na ea sebetsa e le sebolaea se bolaeang bakeng sa taolo ea menoang.Tlhahisoleseding ena e ka thusa ho ntshetsa pele ho sibollwa ha dikhemikhale tsa taolo ya dimela le ntshetsopele ya tsona e le dibolaya dikokonyana tse theko e tlase, tse sebetsang, le tse baballang tikoloho.
Lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng bakeng sa phuputso ena le litlhahlobo tse hlahisitsoeng li fumaneha ho tsoa ho sengoli se tsamaisanang le sona ka kopo e utloahalang.Qetellong ea thuto, lisebelisoa tsohle tse sebelisitsoeng thutong (likokoanyana le lijo tsa peo) li senyehile.
Nako ea poso: Jul-29-2024