Tšebeliso eapermetrin(pyrethroid) ke karolo ea bohlokoa taolong ea likokoanyana liphoofolong, likhoho le tikoloho ea litoropo lefatšeng ka bophara, mohlomong ka lebaka la chefo ea eona e batlang e le tlase ho liphoofolo tse anyesang le katleho e phahameng khahlanong le tse senyang lijalo 13. Permethrin e na le mefuta e mengatasebolaya dikokoanyanae bonahetseng e sebetsa khahlano le mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoanyana tse senyang lijalo, ho kenyeletsoa le lintsintsi tsa ntlo. Likokoana-hloko tsa Pyrethroid li sebetsa ho liprotheine tse nang le voltage-gated sodium channel, li sitisa mosebetsi o tloaelehileng oa li-pore channel, ho baka ho thunya khafetsa, ho shoa litho, 'me qetellong ho shoa ha methapo e amanang le kokoanyana. Tšebeliso ea khafetsa ea permethrin mananeong a taolo ea likokoanyana e entse hore ho be le khanyetso e atileng ho mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoanyana, 16,17,18,19, ho kenyelletsa le lintsintsi tsa ntlo20,21. Polelo e eketsehileng ea li-enzyme tsa metabolic detoxification tse kang glutathione transferases kapa cytochrome P450, hammoho le ho se tsotelle ha sebaka sa marang-rang ho fumanoe e le mekhoa e ka sehloohong e lebisang ho permetrin resistance22.
Haeba mofuta o kenya litšenyehelo tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo ka ho hlahisa ho hanyetsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, sena se tla fokotsa kholo ea li-alleles tsa ho hanyetsa ha re eketsa khatello ea khetho ka ho emisa ka nakoana tšebeliso ea likokoanyana tse itseng kapa ho nkela likokoanyana tse ling sebaka. Likokoanyana tse manganga li tla boela li be le kutlo. Ha e bontše ho hanyetsana27,28. Ka hona, ho sebetsana ka katleho le likokoanyana le ho hanyetsa likokoanyana, ke habohlokoa ho utloisisa hamolemo khanyetso ea likokoanyana, ho hanyetsa le ho hlahisa litšobotsi tsa likokoana-hloko tsa likokoanyana tse manganga. Ho hana le ho hanana le permethrin ka har'a lintsintsi ho kile ha tlalehoa Punjab, Pakistan7,29. Leha ho le joalo, boitsebiso bo mabapi le ho ikamahanya le maemo ha libōpeho tsa likokoana-hloko tsa lintsintsi tsa ntlo ha bo eo. Sepheo sa phuputso ena e ne e le ho hlahloba litšobotsi tsa baeloji le ho sekaseka litafole tsa bophelo ho fumana hore na ho na le phapang pakeng tsa mefuta e hanyetsanang le permethrin le mefuta e hlaselehang habonolo. Lintlha tsena li tla thusa ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea phello ea ho hanyetsa permetrin tšimong le ho hlahisa merero ea tsamaiso ea ho hanyetsa.
Liphetoho tsa ho leka-lekana ha litšobotsi tsa motho ka mong tsa bophelo sechabeng li ka thusa ho senola karolo ea bona ea lefutso le ho bolela bokamoso ba baahi. Likokoanyana li kopana le lintho tse ngata tse sithabetsang nakong ea mesebetsi ea tsona ea letsatsi le letsatsi tikolohong. Ho pepesehela lik'hemik'hale tsa agrochemicals ke khatello ea maikutlo, 'me likokoanyana li sebelisa matla a mangata ho fetola mekhoa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, physiological, le boitšoaro ho arabela lik'hemik'hale tsena, ka linako tse ling li lebisa ho hanyetsa ka ho baka liphetoho libakeng tse lebisitsoeng kapa ho hlahisa lintho tse senyang. Enzyme 26. Liketso tse joalo hangata li bitsa chelete e ngata 'me li ka ama ho phela ha likokoanyana tse itoanelang27. Leha ho le joalo, ho haella ha litšenyehelo tsa ho ikoetlisa ka likokoanyana tse hanyetsanang le likokoanyana ho ka 'na ha e-ba ka lebaka la ho hloka liphello tse mpe tsa pleiotropic tse amanang le ho hanyetsa alleles42. Haeba ha ho le e 'ngoe ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse hanyetsang e nang le phello e mpe ho fisioloji ea kokoanyana e itoanelang, ho hanyetsa likokoanyana ho ne ho ke ke ha bitsa chelete e ngata hakaalo, 'me kokoanyana e hanyetsanang le eona e ne e ke ke ea bontša sekhahla se phahameng sa liketsahalo tsa likokoana-hloko ho feta mofuta o ka hlaselehang habonolo. Ho tloha ho khethollo e mpe 24. Ho phaella moo, mekhoa ea ho thibela li-enzyme tsa detoxification43 le / kapa ho ba teng ha liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fetolang44 likokoanyana tse hanyetsanang le likokoanyana li ka ntlafatsa boemo ba tsona.
Boithuto bona bo bonts'itse hore mefuta e hananang le permethrin Perm-R le Perm-F e bile le nako e khuts'oane ea bophelo pele e hola, nako e telele ea bophelo, nako e khuts'oane pele ho hlaha, le matsatsi a seng makae pele ho hlaha ha mahe ha ho bapisoa le mofuta oa Permethrin-sensitive strain. lehe le lelelele. tlhahiso le lebelo le phahameng la ho phela. Litekanyetso tsena li bakile ho eketseha ha litekanyo tsa ho ikatisa, tsa tlhaho le tsa pelehi le linako tse khuts'oane tsa meloko bakeng sa mefuta ea Perm-R le Perm-F ha e bapisoa le mofuta oa Perm-S. Ketsahalo ea pele ea litlhoro tse phahameng le vxj bakeng sa mefuta ea Perm-R le Perm-F e fana ka maikutlo a hore palo ea mefuta ena e tla hola ka potlako ho feta mofuta oa Perm-S. Ha ho bapisoa le mefuta ea Perm-S, mefuta ea Perm-F le Perm-R e bontšitse maemo a tlaase le a phahameng a ho hanyetsa permetrin, ka ho latellana29,30. Liphetoho tse hlokometsoeng likarolong tsa likokoana-hloko tsa mefuta e hanyetsanang le permethrin li fana ka maikutlo a hore khanyetso ea permethrin e theko e tlaase ka matla 'me e ka' na ea ba sieo kabong ea lisebelisoa tsa fisioloji ho hlōla ho hanyetsa likokoanyana le ho etsa mesebetsi ea likokoana-hloko. Compromise 24.
Litekanyetso tsa baeloji kapa litšenyehelo tsa ho ikoetlisa tsa mefuta e hanyetsanang le likokoanyana tse fapaneng tsa likokoanyana tse fapaneng li hlahlobiloe lithutong tse fapaneng, empa ka liphetho tse hanyetsanang. Ka mohlala, Abbas et al. 45 e ile ea ithuta phello ea khetho ea laboratori ea sebolaea-likokoanyana imidacloprid ka litšobotsi tsa likokoana-hloko tsa lintsintsi tsa ntlo. Khanyetso ea Imidacloprid e beha litšenyehelo tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo ho mefuta ea motho ka mong, e ama hampe tsoalo ea lintsintsi tsa ntlo, ho phela maemong a fapaneng a nts'etsopele, nako ea nts'etsopele, nako ea moloko, bokhoni ba tlhaho le sekhahla sa kholo ea kahare. Phapang ea litšenyehelo tsa ho ikoetlisa tsa lintsintsi tsa ntlo ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea pyrethroid le khaello ea ho pepesehela chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana46. Khetho ea laboratori ea libaktheria tsa malapa tse nang le spinosad e boetse e beha litšenyehelo tsa ho ikoetlisa ka mefuta e mengata ea liketsahalo tsa likokoana-hloko ha li bapisoa le mathata a tebileng kapa a sa khethoang27. Basit et al24 ba tlalehile hore khetho ea laboratori ea Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) e nang le acetamiprid e entse hore ho fokotsoe litšenyehelo tsa ho ikoetlisa. Mathata a hlahlobiloeng bakeng sa acetamiprid a bontšitse litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ho ikatisa, litekanyetso tsa ho kena ka hare ho naha, le bokhoni ba likokoana-hloko ho feta mefuta e ka hlaseloang ke laboratori le mathata a masimo a sa hlahlojoang. Haufinyane tjena, Valmorbida et al. 47 e tlalehile hore Matsumura aphid e thibelang pyrethroid e fana ka ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng ea ho ikatisa le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ho ikoetlisa ho liketsahalo tsa biotic.
Ntlafatso ea litšobotsi tsa baeloji ea mefuta e hanyetsanang le permethrin e hlolla bakeng sa katleho ea taolo e tsitsitseng ea lintsintsi tsa ka tlung. Litšobotsi tse ling tsa likokoana-hloko tsa lintsintsi tsa ntlo, haeba li hlokomeloa tšimong, li ka lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea ho hanyetsa permethrin ho batho ba tšoaroang haholo. Mefuta e hanyetsanang le Permethrin ha e hanyetsane le propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad le spinosad-ethyl29,30. Tabeng ena, chefo e potolohang e nang le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso e ka ba khetho e ntle ka ho fetisisa ea ho liehisa nts'etsopele ea ho hanyetsa le ho laola ho qhoma ha lintsintsi tsa ntlo. Le hoja lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng mona li thehiloe boitsebisong ba laboratori, ntlafatso ea litšobotsi tsa likokoana-hloko tsa mefuta e hanyetsanang le permethrin e bohlokoa 'me e hloka tlhokomelo e khethehileng ha u laola lintsintsi tsa ntlo tšimong. Kutloisiso e eketsehileng ea kabo ea libaka tsa ho hanyetsa permetrin e hlokahala ho fokotsa tsoelo-pele ea ho hanyetsa le ho boloka katleho ea eona ka nako e telele.
Nako ea poso: Oct-25-2024