Tšebeliso e pharaletseng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea maiketsetso e bakile mathata a mangata, ho kenyeletsoa le ho hlaha ha likokoana-hloko tse hanyetsanang, ho senyeha ha tikoloho le kotsi bophelong ba batho. Ka hona, likokoana-hloko tse nchachefo e bolaeang likokoanyanatse bolokehileng bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba batho le tikoloho lia hlokahala ka potlako. Phuputsong ena, rhamnolipid biosurfactant e hlahisoang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e sebelisitsoe ho lekola chefo ho li-larvae tsa monoang (Culex quinquefasciatus) le termite (Odontotermes obesus). Liphetho li bontšitse hore ho na le sekhahla sa lefu se itšetlehileng ka tekanyo lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea phekolo. Boleng ba LC50 (50% lethal concentration) lihora tse 48 bakeng sa li-biosurfactants tsa termite le monoang bo fumanoe ka mokhoa oa ho lokisa curve ea nonlinear. Liphetho li bontšitse hore boleng ba LC50 ba lihora tse 48 (nako ea kholiseho ea 95%) ea ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea li-larvica le ea ho loantša li-termite ea biosurfactant e ne e le 26.49 mg/L (boemo ba 25.40 ho isa ho 27.57) le 33.43 mg/L (boemo ba 31.09 ho isa ho 35.68) ka ho latellana. Ho ya ka tlhahlobo ya histopathological, kalafo ka di-biosurfactants e bakile tshenyo e kgolo dinama tsa organelle tsa diboko le di-termite. Diphetho tsa phuputso ena di bontsha hore biosurfactant ya dikokwana-hloko e hlahiswang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ke sesebediswa se setle le se ka sebetsang hantle bakeng sa taolo ya Cx. quinquefasciatus le O. obesus.
Linaha tsa tropike li na le mafu a mangata a bakoang ke menoang1. Bohlokoa ba mafu a bakoang ke menoang bo atile. Batho ba fetang 400,000 ba bolaoa ke malaria selemo se seng le se seng, 'me metse e meng e meholo e na le mafu a seoa a tebileng a kang dengue, feberu e tšehla, chikungunya le Zika.2 Mafu a bakoang ke likokoana-hloko a amahanngoa le tšoaetso e le 'ngoe ho tse tšeletseng lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me menoang e baka linyeoe tse kholo ka ho fetisisa3,4. Culex, Anopheles le Aedes ke mefuta e meraro ea menoang e amanang haholo le phetiso ea mafu5. Ho ata ha feberu ea dengue, tšoaetso e fetisoang ke menoang ea Aedes aegypti, ho eketsehile lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng 'me ho beha kotsing e kholo ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba4,7,8. Ho ea ka Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO), baahi ba fetang 40% ba lefats'e ba kotsing ea feberu ea dengue, ka linyeoe tse ncha tse limilione tse 50-100 tse etsahalang selemo le selemo linaheng tse fetang 1009,10,11. Feberu ea dengue e fetohile bothata bo boholo ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba kaha palo ea eona e eketsehile lefatšeng ka bophara12,13,14. Anopheles gambiae, e tsejoang haholo e le monoang oa Afrika oa Anopheles, ke mosireletsi oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa oa malaria bathong libakeng tsa tropike le tsa subtropic15. Vaerase ea West Nile, encephalitis ea St. Louis, encephalitis ea Japane, le tšoaetso ea vaerase ea lipere le linonyana li fetisoa ke monoang oa Culex, oo hangata o bitsoang monoang o tloaelehileng oa ntlo. Ho phaella moo, hape ke bajari ba mafu a baktheria le a likokoana-hloko16. Ho na le mefuta e fetang 3,000 ea li-molt lefatšeng, 'me li bile teng ka lilemo tse fetang limilione tse 15017. Bongata ba likokoanyana li lula mobung 'me li ja lihlahisoa tsa patsi le tsa patsi tse nang le cellulose. Mosireletsi oa India Odontotermes obesus ke sesenyi sa bohlokoa se bakang tšenyo e kholo lijalong tsa bohlokoa le lifateng tsa masimo18. Libakeng tsa temo, tšoaetso ea li-molt mekhahlelong e fapaneng e ka baka tšenyo e kholo ea moruo lijalong tse fapaneng, mefuta ea lifate le thepa ea kaho. Li-molt le tsona li ka baka mathata a bophelo bo botle ba batho19.
Taba ea ho hanyetsa likokoana-hloko le likokoanyana masimong a meriana le temo a kajeno e rarahane20,21. Ka hona, lik'hamphani ka bobeli li lokela ho batla meriana e mecha ea ho bolaea likokoana-hloko e theko e tlaase le meriana ea ho bolaea likokoana-hloko e sireletsehileng. Chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea maiketsetso e se e fumaneha 'me e bontšitsoe e tšoaetsanoa ebile e leleka likokoanyana tse molemo tse sa reretsoeng ho reriloe22. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, lipatlisiso mabapi le li-biosurfactants li atolohile ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea tsona liindastering tse fapaneng. Li-biosurfactants li molemo haholo ebile li bohlokoa temong, ho lokisoeng ha mobu, ho ntšoa ha peterole, libaktheria le ho tlosoa ha likokoanyana, le ts'ebetsong ea lijo23,24. Li-biosurfactants kapa li-surfactants tsa likokoana-hloko ke lik'hemik'hale tsa biosurfactant tse hlahisoang ke likokoana-hloko tse kang libaktheria, tomoso le li-fungus libakeng tsa lebopong le libakeng tse silafalitsoeng ke oli25,26. Li-surfactants tse nkiloeng ka lik'hemik'hale le li-biosurfactants ke mefuta e 'meli e fumanoang ka kotloloho tikolohong ea tlhaho27. Li-biosurfactants tse fapaneng li fumanoa libakeng tsa leoatle28,29. Ka hona, bo-rasaense ba batla mahlale a macha bakeng sa tlhahiso ea li-biosurfactants tse thehiloeng libaktheriang tsa tlhaho30,31. Tsoelo-pele lipatlisisong tse joalo e bontša bohlokoa ba metsoako ena ea baeloji bakeng sa tšireletso ea tikoloho32. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium le mefuta ena ea baktheria ke baemeli ba ithutiloeng hantle23,33.
Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea li-biosurfactants tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso34. Molemo o moholo oa metsoako ena ke hore e meng ea eona e na le ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, ho bolaea li-larvicidal le ho bolaea likokoanyana. Sena se bolela hore li ka sebelisoa indastering ea temo, lik'hemik'hale, meriana le litlolo35,36,37,38. Hobane li-biosurfactants hangata lia bola ebile li na le melemo tikolohong, li sebelisoa mananeong a kopaneng a taolo ea likokoanyana ho sireletsa lijalo39. Kahoo, ho fumanoe tsebo ea motheo mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea li-larvicidal le ho loantša li-termite tsa li-biosurfactants tse nyenyane tse hlahisoang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. Re hlahlobile liphetoho tsa lefu le tsa histological ha li pepesehetse mahloriso a fapaneng a li-biosurfactants tsa rhamnolipid. Ho phaella moo, re hlahlobile lenaneo la khomphutha la Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) le sebelisoang haholo Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) ho fumana chefo e matla bakeng sa microalgae, daphnia le litlhapi.
Phuputsong ena, ts'ebetso ea antitermite (chefo) ea li-biosurfactants tse hloekisitsoeng maemong a fapaneng a tlohang ho 30 ho isa ho 50 mg/ml (ka linako tse 5 mg/ml) e ile ea lekoa khahlanong le li-termites tsa India, O. obesus le mofuta oa bone )Evaluate. Seboko sa instar Cx. Seboko sa menoang quinquefasciatus. Maemo a Biosurfactant LC50 ka lihora tse 48 khahlanong le O. obesus le Cx. C. solanacearum. Li-larvae tsa menoang li ile tsa fumanoa ka mokhoa oa ho lokisa sekhahla sa regression. Liphetho li bontšitse hore lefu la li-termites le eketsehile ka keketseho ea mahloriso a biosurfactant. Liphetho li bontšitse hore biosurfactant e ne e na le ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea li-larvicidal (Setšoantšo sa 1) le ts'ebetso ea ho loantša bohloa (Setšoantšo sa 2), ka boleng ba LC50 ba lihora tse 48 (95% CI) ba 26.49 mg/L (25.40 ho isa ho 27.57) le 33.43 mg/l (Setšoantšo sa 31.09 ho isa ho 35.68), ka ho latellana (Tafole ea 1). Mabapi le chefo e matla (lihora tse 48), biosurfactant e arotsoe e le "e kotsi" ho lintho tse phelang tse lekiloeng. Biosurfactant e hlahisitsoeng thutong ena e bontšitse ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho bolaea li-larvicidal ka lefu la 100% nakong ea lihora tse 24-48 tsa ho pepesehela.
Bala boleng ba LC50 bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea li-larvicidal. Ho lokisa curve ea nonlinear regression (mola o tiileng) le karohano ea kholiseho ea 95% (sebaka se nang le moriti) bakeng sa lefu le amanang le lona (%).
Bala boleng ba LC50 bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho loantša bohloa. Ho lokisa curve ea nonlinear regression (mola o tiileng) le karohano ea kholiseho ea 95% (sebaka se nang le moriti) bakeng sa lefu le amanang (%).
Qetellong ea teko, liphetoho tsa sebopeho le lintho tse sa tloaelehang li ile tsa bonoa tlas'a microscope. Liphetoho tsa sebopeho li ile tsa bonoa lihlopheng tsa taolo le tse phekoloang ka keketseho ea makhetlo a 40. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 3, ho senyeha ha kholo ho etsahetse ho boholo ba liboko tse phekoloang ka li-biosurfactants. Setšoantšo sa 3a se bontša Cx. quinquefasciatus e tloaelehileng, Setšoantšo sa 3b se bontša Cx e sa tloaelehang. E baka liboko tse hlano tsa nematode.
Tšusumetso ea litekanyo tse bolaeang (LC50) tsa biosurfactants nts'etsopele ea li-larvae tsa Culex quinquefasciatus. Setšoantšo se bobebe sa microscopy (a) sa Cx e tloaelehileng ho 40× magnification. quinquefasciatus (b) Cx e sa tloaelehang. E baka li-larvae tse hlano tsa nematode.
Phuputsong ena, tlhahlobo ea histological ea liboko tse phekotsoeng (Setšoantšo sa 4) le li-termite (Setšoantšo sa 5) li senotse lintho tse 'maloa tse sa tloaelehang, ho kenyeletsoa phokotso ea sebaka sa mpa le tšenyo ea mesifa, likarolo tsa epithelial le letlalo. midgut. Histology e senotse mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea biosurfactant e sebelisitsoeng thutong ena.
Histopathology ea li-larvae tsa Cx tse sa phekoloang tse tloaelehileng tsa 4th instar. li-larvae tsa quinquefasciatus (taolo: (a,b)) le ho phekoloa ka biosurfactant (kalafo: (c,d)). Metsu e bontša epithelium ea mala e phekoloang (epi), nuclei (n), le mesifa (mu). Bar = 50 µm.
Histopathology ea O. obesus e tloaelehileng e sa phekoloang (taolo: (a,b)) le biosurfactant e phekoloang (kalafo: (c,d)). Metsu e bontša epithelium ea mala (epi) le mesifa (mu), ka ho latellana. Bar = 50 µm.
Phuputsong ena, ECOSAR e sebelisitsoe ho bolela esale pele chefo e matla ea lihlahisoa tsa rhamnolipid biosurfactant ho bahlahisi ba mantlha (bolelele bo botala), bareki ba mantlha (matsetse a metsi) le bareki ba bobeli (litlhapi). Lenaneo lena le sebelisa mehlala e rarahaneng ea metsoako ea sebopeho-mosebetsi ho lekola chefo ho latela sebopeho sa limolek'hule. Mohlala o sebelisa software ea sebopeho-mosebetsi (SAR) ho bala chefo e matla le ea nako e telele ea lintho ho mefuta ea metsing. Ka ho khetheha, Tafole ea 2 e akaretsa maemo a hakanyetsoang a bolaeang (LC50) le maemo a sebetsang a karolelano (EC50) bakeng sa mefuta e 'maloa. Chefo e belaelloang e arotsoe ka maemo a mane ho sebelisoa Sistimi e Kopaneng ea Lefatše ea ho Arola le ho Laela Lik'hemik'hale (Tafole ea 3).
Taolo ea mafu a bakoang ke likokoanyana, haholo-holo mefuta ea menoang le menoang ea Aedes. Baegepeta, hona joale ba sebetsa ka thata 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Le hoja chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e fumanehang ka lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka pyrethroids le organophosphates, e le molemo hanyane, e beha likotsi tse kholo bophelong ba batho, ho kenyeletsoa lefu la tsoekere, mathata a ho ikatisa, mathata a methapo ea kutlo, kankere le mafu a ho hema. Ho feta moo, ha nako e ntse e ea, likokoanyana tsena li ka ba khahlanong le tsona13,43,48. Kahoo, mehato ea taolo ea baeloji e sebetsang hantle le e mosa tikolohong e tla ba mokhoa o tsebahalang haholo oa taolo ea menoang49,50. Benelli51 o ile a fana ka maikutlo a hore taolo ea pele ea li-vector tsa menoang e tla sebetsa haholoanyane libakeng tsa litoropo, empa ha baa ka ba khothaletsa tšebeliso ea li-larvicide libakeng tsa mahaeng52. Tom le ba bang 53 ba boetse ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ho laola menoang maemong a eona a sa holang e tla ba leano le sireletsehileng le le bonolo hobane e na le kutloelo-bohloko haholoanyane ho li-agent tsa taolo 54.
Tlhahiso ea biosurfactant ka mofuta o matla (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) e bontšitse katleho e tsitsitseng le e tšepisang. Phuputso ea rona e fetileng e tlalehile hore Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea biosurfactant ka ho sebelisa liparamente tsa fisik'hemik'hale26. Ho ea ka phuputso ea bona, maemo a matle bakeng sa tlhahiso ea biosurfactant ka E. cloacae isolate e ka bang teng e ne e le ho ikatisa lihora tse 36, ho sisinyeha ka 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, letsoai 1 ppt, 2% glucose e le mohloli oa khabone, 1 % tomoso. setlolo se sebelisitsoe e le mohloli oa naetrojene ho fumana 2.61 g/L biosurfactant. Ho phaella moo, biosurfactants li ile tsa khetholloa ka ho sebelisa TLC, FTIR le MALDI-TOF-MS. Sena se tiisitse hore rhamnolipid ke biosurfactant. Glycolipid biosurfactants ke sehlopha se ithutoang ka botebo sa mefuta e meng ea biosurfactants55. Li na le likarolo tsa lik'habohaedreite le lipid, haholo-holo liketane tsa asiti e mafura. Har'a li-glycolipid, baemeli ba ka sehloohong ke rhamnolipid le sophorolipid56. Li-Rhamnolipid li na le likarolo tse peli tsa rhamnose tse amanang le mono‐ kapa di‐β‐hydroxydecanoic acid 57. Tšebeliso ea li-rhamnolipids indastering ea bongaka le ea meriana e thehiloe hantle 58, ho phaella tšebelisong ea tsona ea morao tjena e le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana 59.
Tšebelisano ea biosurfactant le sebaka se sa hlokeng metsi sa siphon ea ho hema e lumella metsi ho feta ka har'a mokoti oa eona oa mpa, ka hona e eketsa ho kopana ha liboko le tikoloho ea metsing. Boteng ba li-biosurfactants bo boetse bo ama trachea, eo bolelele ba eona bo leng haufi le bokaholimo, e leng se etsang hore ho be bonolo hore liboko li hahe holim'a metsi le ho hema. Ka lebaka leo, tsitsipano ea metsi holim'a metsi ea fokotseha. Kaha liboko li ke ke tsa khomarela bokaholimo ba metsi, li oela tlase ho tanka, li sitisa khatello ea hydrostatic, e leng se fellang ka tšebeliso e feteletseng ea matla le lefu ka ho khangoa ke metsi38,60. Liphetho tse tšoanang li fumanoe ke Ghribi61, moo biosurfactant e hlahisoang ke Bacillus subtilis e bontšitseng ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea liboko khahlanong le Ephestia kuehniella. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea liboko ea Cx. Das le Mukherjee23 le bona ba ile ba hlahloba phello ea lipopeptides tsa cyclic ho liboko tsa quinquefasciatus.
Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea li-larvicant tsa rhamnolipid khahlanong le Cx. Ho bolaea menoang ea quinquefasciatus ho tsamaellana le liphetho tse phatlalalitsoeng pele. Mohlala, li-biosurfactants tse thehiloeng ho surfactin tse hlahisoang ke libaktheria tse fapaneng tsa mofuta oa Bacillus lia sebelisoa. le Pseudomonas spp. Litlaleho tse ling tsa pele64,65,66 li tlalehile ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea li-larvicant tsa lipopeptide ho tsoa ho Bacillus subtilis23. Deepali et al. 63 ba fumane hore rhamnolipid biosurfactant e arotsoeng ho tsoa ho Stenotropomonas maltophilia e na le ts'ebetso e matla ea ho bolaea li-larvicant ka bongata ba 10 mg/L. Silva et al. 67 ba tlalehile ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea li-larvicant ea rhamnolipid biosurfactant khahlanong le Ae ka bongata ba 1 g/L. Aedes aegypti. Kanakdande et al. 68 e tlalehile hore di-biosurfactants tsa lipopeptide tse hlahisitsweng ke Bacillus subtilis di bakile lefu ka kakaretso ho diboko tsa Culex le di-termite ka karolo ya lipophilic ya Eucalyptus. Ka ho tshwanang, Masendra le ba bang 69 ba tlalehile lefu la basebetsi ba dikokonyana (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) la 61.7% ho dikotwana tsa lipophilic n -hexane le EtOAc tsa E. crude extract.
Parthipan le ba bang ba 70 ba tlalehile tšebeliso ea ho bolaea likokoanyana ea lipopeptide biosurfactants e hlahisoang ke Bacillus subtilis A1 le Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 khahlanong le Anopheles Stephensi, e leng vector ea parasite ea malaria Plasmodium. Ba hlokometse hore li-larvae le li-pupae li phela nako e telele, li na le linako tse khutšoanyane tsa ho beha mahe, li ne li se na likokoana-hloko, 'me li na le bophelo bo bokhutšoanyane ha li phekoloa ka mahloriso a fapaneng a li-biosurfactant. Litekanyetso tsa LC50 tse hlokometsoeng tsa B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 e ne e le 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 le 7.99 mg/L bakeng sa maemo a fapaneng a li-larvae (ke hore, li-larvae tsa I, II, III, IV le li-pupae tsa sethala) ka ho latellana. Ha ho bapisoa, li-biosurfactants bakeng sa mekhahlelo ea li-larvae tsa I-IV le mekhahlelo ea li-pupal tsa Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 e ne e le 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 le 6.99 mg/L, ka ho latellana. Phenology e liehang ea liboko le li-pupae tse ntseng li phela ho nahanoa hore ke phello ea mathata a bohlokoa a 'mele le a metabolism a bakoang ke kalafo ea likokoanyana71.
Mofuta oa Wickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 o hlahisa biosurfactant e nang le ts'ebetso ea 100% ea ho bolaea liboko khahlanong le menoang ea Aedes. Nako ea lihora tse 24 ea aegypti 38 e ne e le holimo ho feta kamoo ho tlalehiloeng ke Silva et al. Biosurfactant e hlahisitsoeng ho tsoa ho Pseudomonas aeruginosa e sebelisang oli ea sonobolomo e le mohloli oa khabone e bontšitsoe e bolaea 100% ea liboko nakong ea lihora tse 48 67 . Abinaya et al.72 le Pradhan et al.73 le bona ba bontšitse litlamorao tsa ho bolaea liboko kapa likokoanyana tsa li-surfactant tse hlahisoang ke mefuta e 'maloa ea mofuta oa Bacillus. Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng pele ke Senthil-Nathan et al. e fumane hore 100% ea liboko tsa menoang tse pepesehetseng matangoaneng a limela li ne li ka shoa. 74.
Ho lekola litlamorao tse bolaeang tsa meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana baelojing ea likokoanyana ho bohlokoa bakeng sa mananeo a kopaneng a taolo ea likokoanyana hobane litekanyo/matšoao a bolaeang likokoanyana ha a bolaee likokoanyana empa a ka fokotsa palo ea likokoanyana melokong e tlang ka ho sitisa litšobotsi tsa baeloji10. Siqueira le ba bang 75 ba bone ts'ebetso e felletseng ea ho bolaea li-larvicant (lefu la 100%) la rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) ha e lekoa ka maemo a fapaneng a tlohang ho 50 ho isa ho 300 mg/ml. Mokhahlelo oa li-larval oa mefuta ea Aedes aegypti. Ba sekasekile liphello tsa nako ho isa lefung le mahloa a bolaeang likokoana-hloko ho pholoheng ha li-larval le ts'ebetsong ea ho sesa. Ho phaella moo, ba bone phokotso ea lebelo la ho sesa kamora lihora tse 24-48 tsa ho pepesehela mahloa a bolaeang a biosurfactant (mohlala, 50 mg/mL le 100 mg/mL). Lichefo tse nang le mesebetsi e tšepisang ea ho bolaea li nahanoa hore li sebetsa hantle ho baka tšenyo e ngata likokoanyanang tse pepesitsoeng76.
Litlhahlobo tsa nalane ea liphetho tsa rona li bontša hore li-biosurfactants tse hlahisoang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 li fetola haholo lisele tsa monoang (Cx. quinquefasciatus) le li-termite (O. obesus). Ho se tloaelehe ho tšoanang ho bakiloe ke litokisetso tsa oli ea basil ho An. gambiaes.s le An. arabica li hlalositsoe ke Ochola77. Kamaraj le ba bang.78 le bona ba hlalositse ho se tloaelehe ho tšoanang ha sebopeho ho An. Li-larvae tsa Stephanie li ile tsa pepesehela li-nanoparticles tsa khauta. Vasantha-Srinivasan le ba bang.79 le bona ba tlalehile hore oli ea bohlokoa ea mokotla oa shepherd e sentse haholo likarolo tsa kamore le epithelial tsa Aedes albopictus. Aedes aegypti. Raghavendran le ba bang ba tlalehile hore li-larvae tsa monoang li ile tsa phekoloa ka 500 mg/ml mycelial extract ea fungus ea Penicillium ea lehae. Ae e bontša tšenyo e kholo ea histological. aegypti le Cx. Sekhahla sa lefu 80. Pele ho moo, Abinaya le ba bang. Li-larvae tsa bone tsa instar tsa An li ile tsa ithutoa. Stephensi le Ae. aegypti ba fumane diphetoho tse ngata tsa histological ho Aedes aegypti e phekotsweng ka B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, ho kenyeletswa le gastric cecum, ho fokola ha mesifa, tshenyo le ho se hlophisehe ha methapo ya kutlo ganglia72. Ho ya ka Raghavendran et al., kamora kalafo ka P. daleae mycelial extract, disele tsa mala a mahareng tsa menoang e lekilweng (di-larvae tsa instar tsa 4th) di bontshitse ho ruruha ha lumen ya mala, phokotseho ya dikahare tse pakeng tsa disele, le ho senyeha ha nuclear81. Diphetoho tse tshwanang tsa histological di bontshitswe ho di-larvae tsa menoang tse phekotsweng ka echinacea leaf extract, e leng se bontshang bokgoni ba ho bolaya dikokwanyana ba metswako e phekotsweng50.
Tšebeliso ea software ea ECOSAR e amohetse kananelo ea machaba82. Lipatlisiso tsa hajoale li bontša hore chefo e matla ea li-biosurfactants tsa ECOSAR ho microalgae (C. vulgaris), litlhapi le matsetse a metsi (D. magna) e oela sehlopheng sa "chefo" se hlalositsoeng ke Machaba a Kopaneng83. Mohlala oa chefo ea tikoloho oa ECOSAR o sebelisa SAR le QSAR ho bolela esale pele chefo e matla le ea nako e telele ea lintho 'me hangata o sebelisoa ho bolela esale pele chefo ea litšila tse phelang82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) le lik'hemik'hale tse ling tsohle tse sebelisitsoeng phuputsong ena li rekiloe ho HiMedia Laboratories, India.
Tlhahiso ea biosurfactant e entsoe ka liflask tsa Erlenmeyer tsa 500 mL tse nang le 200 mL ea Bushnell Haas medium e hloekileng e tlatsitsoeng ka oli e tala ea 1% e le mohloli o le mong oa khabone. Temo ea pele ho temo ea Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) e ile ea entoa 'me ea lengoa holim'a orbital shaker ka 37°C, 200 rpm ka matsatsi a 7. Kamora nako ea ho ikatisa, biosurfactant e ile ea ntšoa ka ho centrifuga medium ea temo ka 3400 × g metsotso e 20 ho 4°C 'me supernatant e hlahang e ile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa merero ea tlhahlobo. Mekhoa ea ntlafatso le tlhaloso ea biosurfactants li amohetsoe thutong ea rona ea pejana26.
Li-larvae tsa Culex quinquefasciatus li fumanoe Setsing sa Thuto e Tsoetseng Pele ea Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India). Li-larvae li ile tsa holisoa ka har'a lijana tsa polasetiki tse tletseng metsi a hloekisitsoeng mochesong oa 27 ± 2°C le nako ea photoperiod ea 12:12 (e bobebe:e lefifi). Li-larvae tsa menoang li ile tsa feptjoa tharollo ea glucose ea 10%.
Li-larvae tsa Culex quinquefasciatus li fumanoe litankeng tse bulehileng le tse sa sirelelitsoeng tsa septic. Sebelisa litataiso tse tloaelehileng tsa ho arola ho khetholla le ho lema li-larvae laboratoring85. Liteko tsa ho bolaea li-larvae li entsoe ho latela likhothaletso tsa Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo 86. SH. Li-larvae tsa bone tsa quinquefasciatus li ile tsa bokelloa ka liphaepheng tse koetsoeng ka lihlopha tsa 25 ml le 50 ml ka sekheo sa moea sa likarolo tse peli ho tse tharo tsa bokhoni ba tsona. Biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) e ile ea eketsoa ka har'a phaephe ka 'ngoe ka bonngoe 'me ea bolokoa ho 25 °C. Phaephe ea taolo e sebelisitse metsi a hloekisitsoeng feela (50 ml). Li-larvae tse shoeleng li ne li nkoa e le tse sa bontšeng matšoao a ho sesa nakong ea ho ikatisa (lihora tse 12–48) 87. Bala peresente ea lefu la li-larvae u sebelisa equation. (1)88.
Lelapa la Odontotermitidae le kenyelletsa Odontotermes obesus ea India, e fumanoang likutung tse bolang Khamphaseng ea Temo (Annamalai University, India). Leka biosurfactant ena (0–50 mg/ml) u sebelisa mekhoa e tloaelehileng ho fumana hore na e kotsi. Kamora ho omisoa moeeng o phallang ka metsotso e 30, karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea pampiri ea Whatman e ile ea koaheloa ka biosurfactant ka tekanyo ea 30, 40, kapa 50 mg/ml. Lipampiri tse koahetsoeng esale pele le tse sa koaheloang li ile tsa lekoa 'me tsa bapisoa bohareng ba sejana sa Petri. Sejana se seng le se seng sa petri se na le li-termite tse ka bang mashome a mararo tse sebetsang O. obesus. Taolo le liteko tsa li-termite li ile tsa fuoa pampiri e metsi e le mohloli oa lijo. Lipoleiti tsohle li ile tsa bolokoa mochesong oa kamore nakong eohle ea ho ikatisa. Li-termite li ile tsa shoa kamora lihora tse 12, 24, 36 le 4889,90. Equation 1 e ile ea sebelisoa ho hakanya peresente ea lefu la li-termite maemong a fapaneng a biosurfactant. (2).
Disampole di ile tsa bolokwa leqhoeng mme tsa pakwa ka hara di-microtubes tse nang le 100 ml ya 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) mme tsa romelwa ho Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) ya Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA). Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai. District, Tamil Nadu, India bakeng sa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng. Disampole di ile tsa lokiswa hang-hang ho 4% paraformaldehyde ho 37°C ka dihora tse 48.
Kamora mohato oa ho tiisa, thepa e hlatsuoa ka makhetlo a mararo ka 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), e qhibilihisoa butle-butle ka ethanol 'me e qoelisoa ka resin ea LEICA matsatsi a 7. Ntho eo e beoa ka har'a foromo ea polasetiki e tletseng resin le polymerizer, ebe e beoa ka ontong e futhumalitsoeng ho fihlela ho 37°C ho fihlela boloko bo nang le ntho eo bo polimelitsoe ka botlalo.
Kamora ho etsa polymerization, diboloko di ile tsa sehwa ho sebediswa microtome ya LEICA RM2235 (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) ho fihlela botenya ba 3 mm. Dikarolo di hlophiswa hodima di-slide, ka dikarolo tse tsheletseng ka slide. Di-slide di ile tsa omiswa mochesong wa kamore, tsa ntano tlotswa ka hematoxylin metsotso e 7 mme tsa hlatsuwa ka metsi a phallang metsotso e 4. Ho phaella moo, tlotsa tharollo ya eosin letlalong metsotso e 5 mme o hlatswe ka metsi a phallang metsotso e 5.
Chefo e matla e ile ea boleloa esale pele ka ho sebelisa lintho tse phelang metsing tse tsoang maemong a fapaneng a tropike: tlhapi ea lihora tse 96 LC50, D. magna LC50 ea lihora tse 48, le algae e tala ea lihora tse 96 EC50. Chefo ea li-biosurfactants tsa rhamnolipid ho litlhapi le algae e tala e ile ea hlahlojoa ka ho sebelisa software ea ECOSAR version 2.2 bakeng sa Windows e ntlafalitsoeng ke US Environmental Protection Agency. (E fumaneha inthaneteng ho https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Liteko tsohle tsa ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea liboko le ho loantša liboko li entsoe ka makhetlo a mararo. Ho se be le mola o otlolohileng (letoto la liphetoho tsa karabelo ea tekanyo) ea data ea lefu la liboko le liboko e entsoe ho bala sekhahla se bolaeang se mahareng (LC50) ka nako ea kholiseho ea 95%, 'me li-curve tsa karabelo ea mahloriso li hlahisitsoe ho sebelisoa Prism® (mofuta oa 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Phuputso ena e senola bokgoni ba di-biosurfactants tse nyenyane tse hlahiswang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e le di-agent tse bolayang di-larvicidal le antitermite, mme mosebetsi ona o tla kenya letsoho kutlwisisong e betere ya mekgwa ya tshebetso ya ho bolaya di-larvicidal le antitermite. Dithuto tsa histological tsa di-larvi tse phekolwang ka di-biosurfactants di bontshitse tshenyo ya tshilo ya dijo, mpa e bohareng, boko ba boko le hyperplasia ya disele tsa epithelial tsa mala. Diphetho: Tlhahlobo ya chefo ya ts'ebetso ya ho thibela di-termite le larvicidal ya rhamnolipid biosurfactant e hlahiswang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e senotse hore karohano ena ke biopesticide e ka bang teng bakeng sa taolo ya mafu a bakwang ke di-vector a menoang (Cx quinquefasciatus) le termites (O. obesus). Ho na le tlhoko ya ho utlwisisa chefo e ka sehloohong ya tikoloho ya di-biosurfactants le ditlamorao tsa tsona tse ka bang teng tikolohong. Thuto ena e fana ka motheo wa saense wa ho lekola kotsi ya tikoloho ya di-biosurfactants.
Nako ea poso: Mmesa-09-2024