Tšebeliso e atileng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea maiketsetso e lebisitse mathateng a mangata, ho kopanyelletsa le ho hlaha ha likokoana-hloko tse hanyetsanang, ho senyeha ha tikoloho le kotsi bophelong ba batho.Ka hona, chefo e ncha ea likokoana-hloko e sireletsehileng bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba batho le tikoloho e hlokahala ka potlako.Phuputsong ena, rhamnolipid biosurfactant e hlahisoang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlahloba chefo ho monoang (Culex quinquefasciatus) le li-termite (Odontotermes obesus) larvae.Liphetho li bonts'itse hore ho na le sekhahla sa batho ba shoang se itšetlehileng ka tekanyo lipakeng tsa kalafo.Theko ea LC50 (50% lethal concentration) lihora tse 48 bakeng sa li-biosurfactants tsa mohloa le menoang e ile ea khethoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o sa tsitsang oa curve curve.Liphetho li bonts'itse hore litekanyetso tsa lihora tse 48 tsa LC50 (nako ea ts'epo ea 95%) ea ts'ebetso ea larvicidal le antitermite ea biosurfactant e ne e le 26.49 mg/L (range 25.40 ho 27.57) le 33.43 mg/L (range 31.09 ho 35.68 ka ho latellana) ka ho latellana)Ho latela tlhahlobo ea histopathological, kalafo ka li-biosurfactants e bakile tšenyo e kholo ho lisele tsa organelle tsa larvae le mohloa.Liphello tsa thuto ena li bontša hore microbial biosurfactant e hlahisoang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ke sesebelisoa se babatsehang le se ka sebetsang hantle bakeng sa ho laola Cx.quinquefasciatus le O. obesus.
Linaha tsa tropike li na le palo e kholo ea mafu a bakoang ke menoang1.Bohlokoa ba mafu a bakoang ke menoang bo atile.Batho ba fetang 400,000 ba bolaoa ke malaria selemo se seng le se seng, ’me metse e meholo e meng e tobane le seoa sa mafu a tebileng a kang dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya le Zika.2 Mafu a bakoang ke likokoana-hloko a amahanngoa le tšoaetso e le ’ngoe ho tse tšeletseng lefatšeng ka bophara, ’me menoang e baka bongata ka ho fetisisa. linyeoe tsa bohlokoa3,4.Culex, Anopheles le Aedes ke mefuta e meraro ea menoang e amanang haholo le phetiso ea mafu5.Ho ata ha feberu ea dengue, tšoaetso e fetisoang ke monoang oa Aedes aegypti, e eketsehile lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng 'me e baka tšokelo e kholo ea bophelo ba sechaba4,7,8.Ho ea ka Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO), ho feta 40% ea baahi ba lefats'e ba kotsing ea ho tšoaroa ke feberu ea dengue, 'me ho etsahala linyeoe tse ncha tse limilione tse 50-100 selemo le selemo linaheng tse fetang 1009,10,11.Dengue fever e fetohile bothata bo boholo ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba kaha sekhahla sa eona se eketsehile lefatšeng ka bophara12,13,14.Anopheles gambiae, eo hangata e tsejoang ka hore ke monoang oa Anopheles oa Afrika, ke mofuta o ka sehloohong oa malaria oa batho libakeng tsa tropike le tsa tropike15.Kokoana ea West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, encephalitis ea Japane, le tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko ea lipere le linonyana li fetisoa ke menoang ea Culex, eo hangata e bitsoang menoang e tloaelehileng ea ntlo.Ho feta moo, ke bajari ba mafu a baktheria le likokoana-hloko16.Ho na le mefuta e fetang 3,000 ea mohloa lefatšeng, 'me e bile teng ka lilemo tse fetang limilione tse 15017.Likokonyana tse ngata li phela mobung 'me li ja lihlahisoa tsa lehong le tsa patsi tse nang le cellulose.Sesenyi sa Indian Odontotermes obesus ke sesenyi se se botlhokwa se se bakang tshenyo e kgolo mo dijalong tse di botlhokwa le ditlhare tsa temo18.Libakeng tsa temo, tlhaselo ea mohloa ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng e ka baka tšenyo e kholo ea moruo lijalong tse fapaneng, mefuta ea lifate le thepa ea kaho.Bohloa le bona bo ka baka mathata a bophelo ba batho19.
Taba ea ho hanyetsa likokoana-hloko le tse senyang lijalo masimong a kajeno a meriana le a temo e rarahane20,21.Ka hona, lik'hamphani ka bobeli li lokela ho batla li-antimicrobial tse ncha tse sa sebetseng hantle le li-biopesticides tse sireletsehileng.Likokoana-hloko tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso li se li fumaneha 'me li bontšitsoe hore lia tšoaetsanoa le ho leleka likokoanyana tse molemo tseo e seng tse reretsoeng22.Lilemong tsa morao tjena, lipatlisiso ka li-biosurfactants li eketsehile ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea tsona liindastering tse fapaneng.Li-biosurfactants li bohlokoa haholo temong, ho lokisa mobu, ho ntša petroleum, libaktheria le ho tlosa likokoanyana, le ho lokisa lijo23,24.Li-biosurfactants kapa li-microbial surfactants ke lik'hemik'hale tsa biosurfactant tse hlahisoang ke likokoana-hloko tse kang libaktheria, litomoso le li-fungus libakeng tse lebōpong la leoatle le libakeng tse nang le oli25,26.Li-surfactants tse nkiloeng ka lik'hemik'hale le li-biosurfactants ke mefuta e 'meli e fumanoang ka kotloloho tikolohong ea tlhaho27.Li-biosurfactants tse fapaneng li fumanoa libakeng tsa leoatle28,29.Ka hona, bo-rasaense ba batla mahlale a macha bakeng sa tlhahiso ea li-biosurfactants tse thehiloeng ho libaktheria tsa tlhaho30,31.Tsoelo-pele liphuputsong tse joalo li bontša bohlokoa ba metsoako ena ea likokoana-hloko bakeng sa tšireletso ea tikoloho32.Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium le mefuta ena ea baktheria ke baemeli ba ithutoang hantle23,33.
Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea li-biosurfactants tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso34.Molemo o moholo oa metsoako ena ke hore e meng ea eona e na le ts'ebetso ea antibacterial, larvicidal le insecticidal.Sena se bolela hore li ka sebelisoa indastering ea temo, ea lik'hemik'hale, ea meriana le ea litlolo35,36,37,38.Hobane li-biosurfactants ka kakaretso li na le biodegradable le molemo tikolohong, li sebelisoa mananeong a kopanetsoeng a taolo ea likokoanyana ho sireletsa lijalo39.Ka hona, tsebo ea motheo e fumanoe ka mosebetsi oa larvicidal le antitermite oa likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko tse hlahisoang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2.Re ile ra hlahloba lefu le liphetoho tsa histological ha re ne re pepesetsoa likhakanyo tse fapaneng tsa rhamnolipid biosurfactants.Ho feta moo, re ile ra lekola lenaneo le sebelisoang haholo la komporo ea Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) ea Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) ho fumana chefo e matla bakeng sa microalgae, daphnia le tlhapi.
Phuputsong ena, ts'ebetso ea antitermite (toxicity) ea li-biosurfactants tse hloekisitsoeng ka mekhahlelo e sa tšoaneng ho tloha ho 30 ho ea ho 50 mg / ml (ka linako tse ling tsa 5 mg / ml) e ile ea lekoa khahlanong le bohloa ba Maindia, O. obesus le mefuta ea bone ) Hlahloba.Larvae ea instar Cx.Larvae ea menoang ea quinquefasciatus.Biosurfactant LC50 concentrations ho feta lihora tse 48 khahlanong le O. obesus le Cx.C. solanacearum.Li-larvae tsa menoang li ile tsa khetholloa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o sa tsitsang oa ho kheloha curve.Liphetho li bonts'itse hore lefu la mohloa le eketsehile ka ho eketseha ha mahloriso a biosurfactant.Liphetho li bonts'itse hore biosurfactant e na le ts'ebetso ea larvicidal (setšoantšo sa 1) le ts'ebetso ea anti-termite (Setšoantšo sa 2), e nang le litekanyetso tsa LC50 tsa lihora tse 48 (95% CI) tsa 26.49 mg/L (25.40 ho 27.57) le 33.43 mg/ l (setšoantšo sa 31.09 ho 35.68), ka ho latellana (Letlapa la 1).Mabapi le chefo e matla (lihora tse 48), biosurfactant e hlalosoa e le "e kotsi" ho likokoana-hloko tse lekiloeng.Biosurfactant e hlahisitsoeng thutong ena e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho bolaea larvicidal ka 100% ea batho ba shoang nakong ea lihora tse 24-48 tsa ho pepeseha.
Bala boleng ba LC50 bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea larvicide.Nonlinear regression curve fitting (solid line) le 95% nako ea boitšepo (sebaka se nang le moriti) bakeng sa lefu le lekanyelitsoeng (%).
Bala boleng ba LC50 bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea anti-termite.Nonlinear regression curve fitting (solid line) le 95% nako ea boitšepo (sebaka se nang le moriti) bakeng sa lefu le lekanyelitsoeng (%).
Qetellong ea teko, liphetoho tsa morphological le anomalies li ile tsa bonoa tlas'a microscope.Liphetoho tsa morphological li ile tsa bonoa lihlopheng tsa taolo le kalafo ho 40x magnification.Joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 3, ho senyeha ha kholo ho etsahetse ho li-larvae tse ngata tse phekoloang ka li-biosurfactants.Setšoantšo sa 3a se bontša Cx e tloaelehileng.quinquefasciatus, Setšoantšo sa 3b se bontša Cx e makatsang.E baka li-larvae tse hlano tsa nematode.
Phello ea litekanyetso tsa sublethal (LC50) tsa biosurfactants ho nts'etsopele ea li-larvae tsa Culex quinquefasciatus.Setšoantšo sa microscopy se khanyang (a) sa Cx e tloaelehileng ho 40× magnification.quinquefasciatus (b) Cx e sa tloaelehang.E baka li-larvae tse hlano tsa nematode.
Thutong ea hona joale, tlhahlobo ea histological ea li-larvae tse tšoaroang (setšoantšo sa 4) le li-termites (setšoantšo sa 5) se senotse lintho tse sa tloaelehang tse 'maloa, ho kenyelletsa le ho fokotseha ha sebaka sa mpa le tšenyo ea mesifa, likarolo tsa epithelial le letlalo.bohareng.Histology e senotse mokhoa oa ho thibela tšebetso ea biosurfactant e sebelisitsoeng thutong ena.
Histopathology ea li-larvae tsa Cx tse tloaelehileng tse sa phekoloeng.quinquefasciatus larvae (taolo: (a,b)) le ho phekoloa ka biosurfactant (phekolo: (c,d)).Metsu e bontša epithelium ea mala e tšoaroang (epi), nuclei (n), le mesifa (mu).Bare = 50 µm.
Histopathology ea O. obesus e tloaelehileng e sa phekoloeng (taolo: (a,b)) le biosurfactant kalafo (kalafo: (c,d)).Metsu e bontša epithelium ea mala (epi) le mesifa (mu), ka ho latellana.Bare = 50 µm.
Phuputsong ena, ECOSAR e ne e sebelisetsoa ho bolela esale pele chefo e matla ea lihlahisoa tsa rhamnolipid biosurfactant ho bahlahisi ba ka sehloohong (limela tse tala), bareki ba mantlha (matsetse a metsi) le bareki ba bobeli (litlhapi).Lenaneo lena le sebelisa mefuta e tsoetseng pele ea sebopeho sa tšebetso ea likarolo ho lekola chefo e ipapisitseng le sebopeho sa limolek'hule.Moetso ona o sebelisa software ea structure-activity (SAR) ho bala chefo e matla le ea nako e telele ea lintho ho mefuta ea metsing.Haholo-holo, Letlapa la 2 le akaretsa likhakanyo tse hakantsoeng tse bolaeang (LC50) le ho bolela maemo a sebetsang hantle (EC50) bakeng sa mefuta e mengata.Ho belaelloa hore chefo e ne e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e mene ho sebelisoa Global Harmonized System of Classification le Labeling of Chemicals (Letlapa la 3).
Taolo ea mafu a bakoang ke likokoana-hloko, haholo-holo mefuta ea menoang le menoang ea Aedes.Baegepeta, hona joale mosebetsi o boima 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Le ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e fumanehang ka lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka pyrethroids le organophosphates, e le molemo ka mokhoa o itseng, e beha likotsi tse kholo bophelong ba batho, ho kenyelletsa lefu la tsoekere, mathata a ho ba le bana, mathata a methapo, mofets'e le mafu a ho hema.Ho feta moo, ha nako e ntse e ea, likokoanyana tsena li ka ba khahlanong le tsona13,43,48.Kahoo, mehato e sebetsang hantle le e se nang tikoloho ea taolo ea likokoana-hloko e tla fetoha mokhoa o tsebahalang haholo oa ho laola menoang49,50.Benelli51 o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea hore taolo ea pele ea li-vectors tsa menoang e tla atleha haholoanyane libakeng tsa litoropo, empa ha baa ka ba khothaletsa tšebeliso ea li-larvicides libakeng tsa mahaeng52.Tom et al 53 o ile a boela a fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ho laola menoang ka mekhahlelo ea eona e sa hōlang e tla ba leano le sireletsehileng le le bonolo hobane li na le maikutlo a mangata ho li-agent tsa taolo 54 .
Tlhahiso ea biosurfactant ka khatello e matla (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) e bontšitse katleho e tsitsitseng le e tšepisang.Thuto ea rona e fetileng e tlalehile hore Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea biosurfactant e sebelisa li-parameter tsa physicochemical26.Ho ea ka boithuto ba bona, maemo a nepahetseng bakeng sa tlhahiso ea biosurfactant ka E. cloacae isolate e ka bang teng e ne e le incubation ka lihora tse 36, tsitsipano ka 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose e le mohloli oa carbon, 1 % tomoso. .qotsulo e ne e sebelisoa e le mohloli oa naetrojene ho fumana 2.61 g/L biosurfactant.Ntle le moo, li-biosurfactants li ne li tsebahala ka ho sebelisa TLC, FTIR le MALDI-TOF-MS.Sena se netefalitse hore rhamnolipid ke biosurfactant.Li-biosurfactants tsa Glycolipid ke sehlopha se ithutoang ka matla ho fetisisa sa mefuta e meng ea li-biosurfactants55.Li na le likarolo tsa lik'habohaedreite le lipid, haholo-holo ketane ea mafura a mafura.Har'a glycolipids, baemeli ba ka sehloohong ke rhamnolipid le sophorolipid56.Rhamnolipids e na le likarolo tse peli tsa rhamnose tse amanang le mono- kapa di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57.Tšebeliso ea li-rhamnolipids liindastering tsa bongaka le tsa meriana e thehiloe hantle 58, ntle le tšebeliso ea bona ea morao tjena e le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana 59.
Tšebelisano ea biosurfactant le sebaka sa hydrophobic ea siphon ea phefumoloho e lumella metsi hore a fete ka har'a stomatal cavity, kahoo a eketsa ho kopana ha li-larvae le tikoloho ea metsing.Ho ba teng ha li-biosurfactants ho boetse ho ama trachea, eo bolelele ba eona bo leng haufi le bokaholimo, e leng ho nolofalletsang li-larvae ho khasa holimo le ho hema.Ka lebaka leo, tsitsipano ea holim'a metsi e fokotseha.Kaha li-larvae ha li khone ho khomarela holim'a metsi, li oela ka tlas'a tanka, li senya khatello ea hydrostatic, e leng se bakang tšebeliso e feteletseng ea matla le lefu ka ho khangoa ke metsi38,60.Liphetho tse ts'oanang li fumanoe ke Ghribi61, moo biosurfactant e hlahisitsoeng ke Bacillus subtilis e bonts'itseng ts'ebetso ea larvicidal khahlano le Ephestia kuehniella.Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebetso ea larvicidal ea Cx.Das le Mukherjee23 le bona ba ile ba lekola phello ea lipopeptides tsa cyclic ho quinquefasciatus larvae.
Liphetho tsa thuto ena li ama ts'ebetso ea larvicidal ea rhamnolipid biosurfactants khahlano le Cx.Ho bolaoa ha menoang ea quinquefasciatus ho lumellana le liphello tse hatisitsoeng pele.Mohlala, ho sebelisoa li-biosurfactants tse thehiloeng ho surfactin tse hlahisoang ke libaktheria tse fapaneng tsa mofuta oa Bacillus.le Pseudomonas spp.Litlaleho tse ling tsa pele64,65,66 li tlalehile ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea larval ea lipopeptide biosurfactants ho tsoa ho Bacillus subtilis23.Deepali et al.63 e fumane hore rhamnolipid biosurfactant e arohaneng le Stenotropomonas maltophilia e na le ts'ebetso e matla ea larvicidal ka bongata ba 10 mg/L.Silva le al.67 e tlaleha ts'ebetso ea larvicidal ea rhamnolipid biosurfactant khahlano le Ae ka bongata ba 1 g/L.Aedes Egepeta.Kanakdande et al.68 e tlalehile hore lipopeptide biosurfactants tse hlahisoang ke Bacillus subtilis li bakile ho shoa ka kakaretso ho li-larvae tsa Culex le mohloa ka karoloana ea lipophilic ea Eucalyptus.Ka ho tšoanang, Masendra et al.69 e tlalehiloeng bohloa ba basebetsi (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) Ho shoa ha 61.7% ho lipophilic n -hexane le likaroloana tsa EtOAc tsa E. crude extract.
Parthipan et al 70 e tlalehile tšebeliso e bolaeang ea likokoanyana ea lipopeptide biosurfactants e hlahisoang ke Bacillus subtilis A1 le Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 khahlano le Anopheles Stephensi, e leng vector ea malaria parasite Plasmodium.Ba hlokometse hore li-larvae le li-pupa li phela nako e telele, li na le nako e khuts'oane ea ho hlaha ha mahe, li ne li sa khone, 'me li phela nako e khuts'oane ha li phekoloa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea li-biosurfactants.Litekanyetso tse hlokometsoeng tsa LC50 tsa B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 e ne e le 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 le 7.99 mg/L bakeng sa libaka tse fapaneng tsa larvae (ke hore li-larvae I, II, III, IV le pupae ea sethaleng) ka ho latellana.Ha ho bapisoa, li-biosurfactants bakeng sa mekhahlelo ea larval I-IV le mekhahlelo ea pupal ea Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 e ne e le 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 le 6.99 mg / L, ka ho latellana.Ho lieha ha phenology ea li-larvae le malinyane a ntseng a phela ho nahanoa hore ke phello ea tšitiso e kholo ea 'mele le metabolism e bakoang ke phekolo ea likokoanyana71.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 e hlahisa biosurfactant e nang le ts'ebetso ea 100% ea ho bolaea menoang ea Aedes.aegypti nako ea lihora tsa 24 38 e ne e phahame ho feta e tlalehiloeng ke Silva et al.Biosurfactant e hlahisoang ke Pseudomonas aeruginosa e sebelisa oli ea soneblomo e le mohloli oa carbon e bontšitsoe hore e bolaea 100% ea li-larvae nakong ea lihora tse 48 67.Abinaya et al.72 le Pradhan et al.73 le bona ba bonts'itse litlamorao tsa larvicidal kapa likokoanyana tsa li-surfactants tse hlahisoang ke li-isolates tse 'maloa tsa mofuta oa Bacillus.Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng pele ke Senthil-Nathan et al.e fumane hore 100% ea liboko tsa menoang tse pepesehileng matangoaneng a limela li ka 'na tsa shoa.74.
Ho lekola litlamorao tse mpe tsa chefo ea likokoanyana ho baeloji ea likokoanyana ho bohlokoa bakeng sa mananeo a kopaneng a taolo ea likokoanyana hobane litekanyo tse nyane ha li bolaee likokoanyana empa li ka fokotsa bongata ba likokoanyana melokong e tlang ka ho sitisa litšobotsi tsa baeloji10.Siqueira et al 75 ba hlokometse mosebetsi o feletseng oa larvicidal (100% ea lefu) ea rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg / ml) ha e lekoa ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng ho tloha ho 50 ho ea ho 300 mg / ml.Mokhahlelo oa Larval oa mefuta ea Aedes aegypti.Ba ile ba hlahlobisisa liphello tsa nako ho isa lefung le ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho sa tloaelehang ha larval le mosebetsi oa ho sesa.Ho phaella moo, ba ile ba bona ho fokotseha ha lebelo la ho sesa ka mor'a lihora tse 24-48 tsa ho pepesehela mahlaseli a mangata a biosurfactant (mohlala, 50 mg / mL le 100 mg / mL).Ho nahanoa hore chefo e nang le ts'ebetso e ts'episang e ka sebetsa hantle ho baka tšenyo e ngata ho tse senyang lijalo76.
Litlhahlobo tsa histological tsa liphello tsa rona li bontša hore li-biosurfactants tse hlahisoang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 li fetola haholo lisele tsa monoang (Cx. quinquefasciatus) le li-termite (O. obesus) larvae.Liphoso tse tšoanang li bakiloe ke ho lokisoa ha oli ea basil ho An.gambiaes.s le An.arabica li hlalositsoe ke Ochola77.Kamaraj et al.78 le bona ba hlalositse tse sa tloaelehang tsa morphological ho An.Li-larvae tsa Stephanie li ne li pepesehetse li-nanoparticles tsa khauta.Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 o ile a boela a tlaleha hore sepache sa molisa sa oli sa bohlokoa se ile sa senya haholo kamoreng le likarolo tsa epithelial tsa Aedes albopictus.Aedes Egepeta.Raghavendran et al o tlaleha hore li-larvae tsa menoang li ne li phekoloa ka 500 mg / ml ea mycelial extract ea fungus ea sebakeng sa Penicillium.Ae bonts'a tšenyo e matla ea histological.Egepeta le Cx.Sekhahla sa ho shoa ha 80. Nakong e fetileng, Abinaya et al.Ho ile ha ithutoa li-larvae tsa bone tsa An.Stephensi le Ae.aegypti e fumane liphetoho tse ngata tsa histological ho Aedes aegypti e tšoaroang ka B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, ho akarelletsa le gastric cecum, atrophy ea mesifa, tšenyo le ho se hlophisehe ha methapo ea kutlo ganglia72.Ho ea ka Raghavendran et al., Ka mor'a ho phekoloa ka P. daleae mycelial extract, lisele tsa midgut tsa menoang e lekiloeng (4th instar larvae) li bontšitse ho ruruha ha lumen ea mala, ho fokotseha ha likahare tsa intercellular, le ho senyeha ha nyutlelie81.Liphetoho tse tšoanang tsa histological li ile tsa hlokomeloa ho li-larvae tsa menoang tse phekoloang ka lekhasi la echinacea, tse bontšang bokhoni ba ho bolaea likokoanyana tsa metsoako e phekoloang50.
Tšebeliso ea software ea ECOSAR e fumane kananelo ea machaba82.Lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li fana ka maikutlo a hore chefo e matla ea ECOSAR biosurfactants ho microalgae (C. vulgaris), tlhapi le matsetse a metsi (D. magna) e oela ka har'a sehlopha sa "toxicity" se hlalosoang ke Machaba a Kopaneng83.Mohlala oa ECOSAR oa ecotoxicity o sebelisa SAR le QSAR ho bolela esale pele chefo e matla le ea nako e telele ea lintho 'me hangata e sebelisoa ho bolela esale pele chefo ea lintho tse silafatsang82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) le lik'hemik'hale tse ling kaofela tse sebelisitsoeng thutong ena li ile tsa rekoa HiMedia Laboratories, India.
Tlhahiso ea Biosurfactant e entsoe ka li-flasks tsa 500 mL Erlenmeyer tse nang le 200 mL ea sterile Bushnell Haas medium e tlatsitsoeng ka 1% ea oli e tala e le mohloli o le mong oa khabone.A preculture ea Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU / ml) e ile ea kenngoa 'me ea lengoa ka orbital shaker ho 37 ° C, 200 rpm bakeng sa matsatsi a 7.Ka mor'a nako ea ho incubation, biosurfactant e ile ea ntšoa ka centrifuging medium medium ho 3400×g bakeng sa 20 min ho 4 ° C 'me supernatant e hlahisoang e ne e sebelisetsoa merero ea ho hlahloba.Mekhoa ea ho ntlafatsa le ho khetholla li-biosurfactants li ile tsa amoheloa thutong ea rona ea pejana26.
Li-larvae tsa Culex quinquefasciatus li ile tsa fumanoa Setsing sa Thuto e Tsoetseng Pele ho Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India).Li-larvae li ne li hōlisetsoa ka lijaneng tsa polasetiki tse tletseng metsi a hloekisitsoeng ka 27 ± 2 ° C le photoperiod ea 12:12 (leseli: lefifi).Likokoana-hloko tsa menoang li ne li feptjoa ka motsoako oa 10% oa tsoekere.
Li-larvae tsa Culex quinquefasciatus li fumanoe ka litanka tse bulehileng le tse sa sirelelitsoeng tsa septic.Sebelisa litataiso tsa maemo a tloaelehileng ho hloaea le ho hloaea liboko tsa setso ka laboratoring85.Liteko tsa Larvicidal li ile tsa etsoa ho latela litlhahiso tsa Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo 86 .SH.Li-larvae tsa bone tsa quinquefasciatus li ile tsa bokelloa ka li-tubes tse koetsoeng ka lihlopha tsa 25 ml le 50 ml ka lekhalo la moea la karolo ea bobeli ho tse tharo ea matla a bona.Biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) e ile ea eketsoa pompong ka 'ngoe ka bonngoe mme ea bolokoa ho 25 °C.Tube ea taolo e sebelisa metsi a silafetseng feela (50 ml).Li-larvae tse shoeleng li ne li nkoa e le tse sa bontšeng matšoao a ho sesa nakong ea ho qhoqhoa (lihora tse 12-48) 87 .Bala liphesente tsa lefu la larval u sebelisa equation.(1)88.
Lelapa la Odontotermitidae le kenyeletsa mohlwa wa India Odontotermes obesus, o fumanwang dikutung tse bodileng Khampaseng ya Temo (Yunivesithing ya Annamalai, India).Lekola biosurfactant ena (0–50 mg/ml) u sebelisa mekhoa e tloaelehileng ho fumana hore na e kotsi.Ka mor'a ho omisa ka phallo ea moea ea laminar bakeng sa metsotso ea 30, pampiri e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea Whatman e ne e koahetsoe ka biosurfactant ka bongata ba 30, 40, kapa 50 mg / ml.Lipampiri tse koahetsoeng esale pele le tse sa koaheloang li ile tsa lekoa tsa ba tsa bapisoa bohareng ba sejana sa Petri.Sejo se seng le se seng sa petri se na le mohloa o ka bang mashome a mararo o bitsoang O. obesus.Taolo le bohloa bo ne bo fuoa pampiri e metsi e le mohloli oa lijo.Lipoleiti tsohle li ne li bolokiloe mochesong oa kamore nakong eohle ea ho qhoqhoa.Li-termite li shoele kamora lihora tse 12, 24, 36 le 48 89,90.Equation 1 e ile ea sebelisoa ho hakanya liperesente tsa lefu la mohloa libakeng tse fapaneng tsa biosurfactant.(2).
Mehlala e ile ea bolokoa holim'a leqhoa 'me ea kenngoa ka har'a li-microtube tse nang le 100 ml ea 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) 'me ea romeloa Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) ea Setsi sa Rajiv Gandhi sa Aquaculture (RGCA).Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.Setereke, Tamil Nadu, India bakeng sa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng.Mehlala e ile ea lokisoa hang-hang ho 4% paraformaldehyde ho 37°C bakeng sa lihora tse 48.
Ka mor'a mohato oa ho lokisa, thepa e ile ea hlatsuoa ka makhetlo a mararo ka 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), mohato ka mohato o ile oa felloa ke metsi ka ethanol 'me oa kolobisoa ka resin ea LEICA ka matsatsi a 7.Joale ntho e kenngoa ka foromo ea polasetiki e tlatsitsoeng ka resin le polymerizer, ebe e kenngoa ka ontong e futhumetseng ho 37 ° C ho fihlela boloko e nang le ntho e polymer ka botlalo.
Ka mor'a polymerization, li-blocks li ile tsa khaoloa ho sebelisoa microtome ea LEICA RM2235 (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) ho ea botenya ba 3 mm.Likarolo li hlophisitsoe ka lihlopha ho li-slide, ka likarolo tse tšeletseng selaeteng ka seng.Li-slide li ne li omisitsoe mocheso oa kamore, ebe li silafatsoa ka hematoxylin bakeng sa metsotso e 7 ebe li hlatsoa ka metsi a matha bakeng sa 4 min.Ho phaella moo, sebelisa tharollo ea eosin letlalong ka metsotso e 5 'me u hlatsoe ka metsi a phallang metsotso e 5.
Chefo e matla e ile ea boleloa esale pele ho sebelisoa libōpuoa tsa metsing tse tsoang libakeng tse fapaneng tsa tropike: tlhapi ea lihora tse 96 LC50, lihora tse 48 D. magna LC50, le algae e tala ea lihora tse 96 EC50.Chefo ea rhamnolipid biosurfactants ho litlhapi le bolele bo botala bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa software ea ECOSAR version 2.2 bakeng sa Windows e ntlafalitsoeng ke Setsi sa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho sa US.(E fumaneha inthaneteng ho https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Liteko tsohle tsa ts'ebetso ea larvicidal le antitermite li entsoe ka makhetlo a mararo.Nonlinear regression (log ea mefuta e fapaneng ea karabelo ea lethal dose) ea data ea lefu la larval le termite e ile ea etsoa ho bala mahloriso a bolaeang a mahareng (LC50) ka nako ea kholiseho ea 95%, 'me likhahla tsa likarabo tsa mahloriso li entsoe ka Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc. USA) 84, 91.
Phuputso ea hona joale e senola bokhoni ba likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko tse hlahisoang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e le mosquito larvicidal le antitermite agents, 'me mosebetsi ona o tla kenya letsoho ho utloisisa hamolemo mekhoa ea ketso ea larvicidal le antitermite.Lithuto tsa histological tsa li-larvae tse phekoloang ka li-biosurfactants li bonts'itse tšenyo ea tšilo ea lijo, midgut, cerebral cortex le hyperplasia ea lisele tsa intestinal epithelial.Results: Tlhahlobo ea Toxicological ea mosebetsi oa antitermite le larvicidal oa rhamnolipid biosurfactant e hlahisoang ke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e senoletse hore ho itšehla thajana ke ntho e ka 'nang ea e-ba biopesticide bakeng sa ho laola mafu a likokoana-hloko tsa menoang (Cx quinquefasciatus) le li-termites (O. obesus).Hoa hlokahala ho utloisisa chefo ea tikoloho ea li-biosurfactants le litlamorao tse ka bang teng tikolohong.Phuputso ena e fana ka motheo oa saense oa ho lekola kotsi ea tikoloho ea li-biosurfactants.
Nako ea poso: Apr-09-2024