Tlhahiso ea raese e ntse e fokotseha ka lebaka la phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo le ho fetoha ha maemo Colombia.Balaoli ba kholo ea limelali sebelisitsoe joalo ka leano la ho fokotsa khatello ea mocheso lijalong tse fapaneng. Ka hona, sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho lekola litlamorao tsa 'mele (boits'oaro ba stomatal, stomatal conductance, kakaretso ea chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm ratio ea mefuta e 'meli ea raese ea khoebo e tlas'a khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng (mocheso o phahameng oa mots'eare le bosiu), mocheso oa lesira le setsoalle. metsi) le mefuta e fapaneng ea lik'hemik'hale (malondialdehyde (MDA) le prolinic acid content). Liteko tsa pele le tsa bobeli li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa limela tsa mefuta e 'meli ea raese Federrose 67 ("F67") le Federrose 2000 ("F2000"), ka ho latellana. Liteko ka bobeli li ile tsa hlahlojoa hammoho e le letoto la liteko. Liphekolo tse thehiloeng e ne e le tse latelang: taolo e feletseng (AC) (limela tsa raese tse hōlileng ka mocheso o nepahetseng (mocheso oa motšehare / bosiu 30/25 ° C)), taolo ea khatello ea mocheso (SC) [limela tsa raese li tlas'a khatello ea mocheso e kopantsoeng feela (40 / 25°C). 30 ° C)], 'me limela tsa raese li ne li hatelloa' me tsa fafatsoa ka li-regulator tsa kholo ea limela (stress + AUX, stress + BR, stress + CK kapa stress + GA) habeli (matsatsi a 5 pele le matsatsi a 5 ka mor'a khatello ea mocheso). Ho fafatsa ka SA ho ekelitse kakaretso ea chlorophyll ea mefuta e 'meli (boima bo bocha ba limela tsa raese "F67" le "F2000" e ne e le 3.25 le 3.65 mg/g, ka ho latellana) ha ho bapisoa le limela tsa SC (boima bo bocha ba "F67" ea limela e ne e le 2.36 le 2.56 mg). g-1)" le raese "F2000", kopo ea foliar ea CK le eona ka kakaretso e ntlafalitse stomatal conductance ea limela tsa "F2000" (499.25 vs. 150.60 mmol m-2 s) ha e bapisoa le taolo ea mocheso oa mocheso. khatello ea mocheso, mocheso oa moqhaka oa semela o fokotseha ka 2-3 ° C, 'me litaba tsa MDA limeleng lia fokotseha. Lenane la ho mamellana le lekanyelitsoeng le bontša hore kopo ea foliar ea CK (97.69%) le BR (60.73%) e ka thusa ho fokotsa bothata ba mocheso o kopantsoeng. khatello ea maikutlo haholo-holo limela tsa raese tsa F2000. Qetellong, ho fafatsa ka foliar ea BR kapa CK ho ka nkoa e le leano la agronomic ho thusa ho fokotsa liphello tse mpe tsa maemo a kopantsoeng a khatello ea mocheso boitšoarong ba 'mele oa limela tsa raese.
Rice (Oryza sativa) ke ea lelapa la Poaceae 'me ke e' ngoe ea lijo-thollo tse lengoang haholo lefatšeng hammoho le poone le koro (Bajaj le Mohanty, 2005). Sebaka se tlas'a temo ea raese ke lihekthere tse 617,934, 'me tlhahiso ea naha ka 2020 e ne e le lithane tse 2,937,840 ka lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa lithane tse 5.02 / ha (Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021).
Ho futhumala ha lefatše ho ama lijalo tsa raese, ho lebisa mefuteng e fapaneng ea likhatello tsa tlhaho tse kang mocheso o phahameng le linako tsa komello. Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e baka hore mocheso oa lefatše o nyolohe; Ho hakanngoa hore mocheso o tla nyoloha ka 1.0–3.7°C lekholong la bo21 la lilemo, e leng se ka eketsang makhetlo le matla a khatello ea mocheso. Lithempereichara tse ntseng li eketseha tsa tikoloho li amme reisi, e leng se entseng hore chai ea lijalo e theohe ka 6-7%. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e boetse e lebisa maemong a sa thabiseng a tikoloho bakeng sa lijalo, joalo ka linako tsa komello e matla kapa mocheso o phahameng libakeng tsa tropike le tsa tropike . Ho feta moo, liketsahalo tse fapaneng tse kang El Niño li ka lebisa khatellong ea mocheso le ho mpefatsa tšenyo ea lijalo libakeng tse ling tsa tropike. Colombia, mocheso libakeng tse hlahisang raese ho nahanoa hore o tla eketseha ka 2-2.5 ° C ka 2050, ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea raese le ho ama phallo ea lihlahisoa ho ea limmarakeng le liketane tsa phepelo.
Lijalo tse ngata tsa raese li lengoa libakeng tseo mocheso o leng haufi le boemo bo nepahetseng bakeng sa kholo ea lijalo (Shah et al., 2011). Ho tlalehiloe hore mocheso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa mocheso oa motšehare le bosiu bakeng sakgolo ya raese le ntshetsopeleka kakaretso ke 28°C le 22°C, ka ho latellana (Kilasi et al., 2018; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021). Lithempereichara tse ka holimo ho menyako ena li ka baka linako tsa khatello ea mocheso e itekanetseng ho ea ho e matla nakong ea mehato e hlokolosi ea ntshetsopele ea raese (ho tila, ho hlapa, ho thunya le ho tlatsa lijo-thollo), kahoo e ama chai ea lijo-thollo hampe. Phokotso ena ea lihlahisoa haholo-holo ka lebaka la nako e telele ea khatello ea mocheso, e amang physiology ea limela . Ka lebaka la tšebelisano ea lintlha tse fapaneng, joalo ka nako ea khatello ea maikutlo le mocheso o phahameng o fihlelletsoeng, khatello ea mocheso e ka baka tšenyo e ke keng ea etsolloa ho metabolism ea semela le nts'etsopele.
Khatello ea mocheso e ama mekhoa e fapaneng ea 'mele le ea biochemical limela. Leaf photosynthesis ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e kotsing ea khatello ea mocheso limela tsa raese, kaha sekhahla sa photosynthesis se fokotseha ka 50% ha mocheso oa letsatsi le letsatsi o feta 35°C. Likarabo tsa fisioloji tsa limela tsa raese li fapana ho latela mofuta oa khatello ea mocheso. Ka mohlala, litekanyetso tsa photosynthetic le stomatal conductance li thibeloa ha limela li pepesehetse mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare (33-40 ° C) kapa mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare le bosiu (35-40 ° C motšehare, 28-30 ° C). C e bolela bosiu) (Lü et al., 2013; Fahad et al., 2016; Chaturvedi et al., 2017). Mocheso o phahameng oa bosiu (30 ° C) o baka thibelo e itekanetseng ea photosynthesis empa e eketsa phefumoloho ea bosiu (Fahad et al., 2016; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017). Ho sa tsotellehe nako ea khatello ea kelello, khatello ea mocheso e boetse e ama lekhasi la chlorophyll, karo-karolelano ea chlorophyll variable fluorescence ho ea ho palo e kholo ea chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv / Fm), le ts'ebetso ea Rubisco limela tsa raese (Cao et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2010). ) Sanchez Reynoso et al., 2014).
Liphetoho tsa biochemical ke karolo e 'ngoe ea ho ikamahanya le limela ho khatello ea mocheso (Wahid et al., 2007). Likahare tsa proline li sebelisitsoe e le sesupo sa biochemical sa khatello ea limela (Ahmed and Hassan 2011). Proline e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho metabolism ea limela kaha e sebetsa e le mohloli oa carbon kapa naetrojene le e le membrane stabilizer tlas'a maemo a phahameng a mocheso (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014). Mocheso o phahameng o boetse o ama botsitso ba membrane ka lipid peroxidation, e lebisang ho thehoeng ha malondialdehyde (MDA) (Wahid et al., 2007). Ka hona, litaba tsa MDA li boetse li sebelisetsoa ho utloisisa botšepehi ba sebopeho sa lisele tsa lisele tlas'a khatello ea mocheso (Cao et al., 2009; Chavez-Arias et al., 2018). Qetellong, khatello ea mocheso e kopantsoeng [37/30 ° C (motšehare / bosiu)] e ile ea eketsa peresente ea ho lutla ha electrolyte le litaba tsa malondialdehyde ka raese (Liu et al., 2013).
Tšebeliso ea li-regulator tsa kholo ea limela (GRs) e 'nile ea hlahlojoa ho fokotsa liphello tse mpe tsa khatello ea mocheso, kaha lintho tsena li ameha ka matla likarabong tsa limela kapa mekhoa ea tšireletso ea' mele khahlanong le khatello e joalo (Peleg le Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. et al. ., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2015). Tšebeliso ea kantle ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e bile le phello e ntle ho mamello ea khatello ea mocheso lijalong tse fapaneng. Liphuputso li bontšitse hore li-phytohormones tse kang gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (CK), auxins (AUX) kapa brassinosteroids (BR) li lebisa ho eketseha ha mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale (Peleg le Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. Ren, 2011) Mitler et al., 2012 Zhou et al., 2014). Naheng ea Colombia, ts'ebeliso ea kantle ea lisebelisoa tsa lefutso le phello ea eona ho lijalo tsa raese ha e so utloisisoe le ho ithutoa ka botlalo. Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e fetileng e bontšitse hore ho fafatsa ka foliar ea BR ho ka ntlafatsa mamello ea raese ka ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa phapanyetsano ea khase, chlorophyll kapa proline content ea makhasi a lipeo tsa raese (Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021).
Li-cytokinins li kopanya likarabo tsa limela ho khatello ea abiotic, ho kenyelletsa khatello ea mocheso (Ha et al., 2012). Ho phaella moo, ho 'nile ha tlalehoa hore ho sebelisoa ka ntle ho CK ho ka fokotsa tšenyo ea mocheso. Mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea tlhaho ea zeatin e ekelitse sekhahla sa photosynthetic, chlorophyll a le b content, le katleho ea lipalangoang tsa elektrone ho creeping bentgrass (Agrotis estolonifera) nakong ea khatello ea mocheso (Xu le Huang, 2009; Jespersen le Huang, 2015). Tšebeliso e sa tloaelehang ea zeatin e ka boela ea ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea li-antioxidant, ea ntlafatsa motsoako oa liprotheine tse fapa-fapaneng, ho fokotsa tšenyo ea mefuta e mengata ea oksijene (ROS) le tlhahiso ea malondialdehyde (MDA) lihlahisoa tsa limela (Chernyadyev, 2009; Yang et al., 2009). , 2016; Kumar et al., 2020).
Tšebeliso ea gibberellic acid e boetse e bontšitse karabelo e ntle khatellong ea mocheso. Liphuputso li bontšitse hore GA biosynthesis e kopanya litsela tse sa tšoaneng tsa metabolism le ho eketsa mamello tlas'a maemo a phahameng a mocheso (Alonso-Ramirez et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2020). Abdel-Nabi et al. (2020) e fumane hore ho fafatsa ka foliar ea exogenous GA (25 kapa 50 mg*L) ho ka eketsa sekhahla sa photosynthetic le ts'ebetso ea antioxidant limela tsa lamunu tse hatelitsoeng ke mocheso ha li bapisoa le limela tse laolang. Ho boetse ho hlokometsoe hore ts'ebeliso ea kantle ea HA e eketsa maemo a mongobo, chlorophyll le carotenoid mme e fokotsa peroxidation ea lipid palm ea palema (Phoenix dactylifera) tlasa khatello ea mocheso (Khan et al., 2020). Auxin e boetse e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola likarabo tsa ho hōla tse ikamahanyang le maemo a phahameng a mocheso (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016). Taolo ena ea kholo e sebetsa e le lets'oao la biochemical lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tse kang proline synthesis kapa degradation tlasa khatello ea maikutlo (Ali et al. 2007). Ntle le moo, AUX e boetse e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea antioxidant, e lebisang ho fokotseha ha MDA limela ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha lipid peroxidation (Bielach et al., 2017). Sergeev le ba bang. (2018) e hlokometse hore limela tsa pea (Pisum sativum) tlas'a khatello ea mocheso, litaba tsa proline - dimethylaminoethoxycarbonylmethyl)naphthylchloromethyl ether (TA-14) lia eketseha. Tekong e tšoanang, ba ile ba boela ba bona maemo a tlase a MDA limeleng tse phekotsoeng ha li bapisoa le limela tse sa phekoloang ka AUX.
Brassinosteroids ke sehlopha se seng sa taolo ea kholo e sebelisoang ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa khatello ea mocheso. Ogweno et al. (2008) e tlaleha hore exogenous BR spray e ekelitse sekhahla sa photosynthetic, stomatal conductance le tekanyo e kholo ea Rubisco carboxylation ea tamati (Solanum lycopersicum) tlas'a khatello ea mocheso bakeng sa matsatsi a 8. Ho fafatsa ka foliar ea epibrassinosteroids ho ka eketsa sekhahla sa photosynthetic ea limela tsa likomkomere (Cucumis sativus) tlas'a khatello ea mocheso (Yu et al., 2004). Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea kantle ea BR e liehisa ho senyeha ha chlorophyll mme e eketsa katleho ea tšebeliso ea metsi le chai e ngata ea PSII photochemistry limela tse tlas'a khatello ea mocheso (Holá et al., 2010; Toussagunpanit et al., 2015).
Ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo, lijalo tsa raese li tobana le linako tsa mocheso o phahameng oa letsatsi le letsatsi (Lesk et al., 2016; Garcés, 2020; Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021). Sebakeng sa phenotyping ea limela, tšebeliso ea phytonutrients kapa biostimulants e 'nile ea ithutoa e le leano la ho fokotsa khatello ea mocheso libakeng tse lemang raese (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderón et al. , 2021). Ho phaella moo, tšebeliso ea lintho tse fapaneng tsa biochemical le physiological (mocheso oa makhasi, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll le metsi a lekanyelitsoeng, malondialdehyde le proline synthesis) ke sesebelisoa se ka tšeptjoang sa ho hlahloba limela tsa raese tlas'a khatello ea mocheso sebakeng sa heno le linaheng tse ling (Sánchez -Reynoso). et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017 Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso mabapi le tšebeliso ea li-sprays tsa foliar phytohormonal ka raese boemong ba sebaka sa heno li lula li sa tloaeleha, ka hona, boithuto ba karabelo ea 'mele le ea biochemical ea ts'ebeliso ea li-regulators tsa kholo ea limela ke ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea maano a sebetsang a agronomic. sena se sebetsana le liphello tse mpe tsa nako ea khatello ea mocheso e rarahaneng ka raese Ka hona, morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho hlahloba physiological (conductance stomatal). chlorophyll fluorescence parameters le metsi a lekanyelitsoeng) le litlamorao tsa biochemical tsa ts'ebeliso ea foliar ea lilaoli tse 'ne tsa kholo ea limela (AUX, CK, GA le BR). (Photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde le proline contents) Mefuta e fapaneng ho tse peli tsa genotypes tsa raese tsa khoebo tse tlas'a khatello e kopanetsoeng ea mocheso (mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare / bosiu).
Thutong ena, ho entsoe liteko tse peli tse ikemetseng. Li-genotypes Federrose 67 (F67: genotype e hlahisitsoeng ka mocheso o phahameng lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng) le Federrose 2000 (F2000: genotype e hlahisitsoeng lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng tsa lekholo la bo20 la lilemo tse bontšang ho hanyetsa kokoana-hloko ea lekhasi le tšoeu) li ile tsa sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele. dipeo. le teko ea bobeli, ka ho latellana. Li-genotype ka bobeli li lengoa haholo ke lihoai tsa Colombia. Peo e ne e jetsoe ka literei tse 10-L (bolelele ba 39.6 cm, bophara ba 28.8 cm, bolelele ba 16.8 cm) e nang le mobu oa lehlabathe oa loam o nang le 2% ea lintho tse phelang. Lipeo tse hlano tse ntseng li mela li ne li lenngoe tereing ka 'ngoe. Li-pallets li ile tsa behoa sebakeng sa sethopo sa Faculty of Agricultural Sciences ea Univesithi ea Sechaba ea Colombia, campus ea Bogotá (43°50′56″ N, 74°04′051″ W), bophahamong ba limithara tse 2556 ka holim’a bophahamo ba leoatle ( asl). m.) mme li entsoe ho tloha ka Mphalane ho fihlela ka Tšitoe 2019. Teko e le 'ngoe (Federroz 67) le teko ea bobeli (Federroz 2000) selemong sona seo sa 2020.
Maemo a tikoloho ka har'a sethopo nakong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea ho lema ke a latelang: mocheso oa motšehare le bosiu 30/25 ° C, mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng 60-80%, photoperiod ea tlhaho lihora tse 12 (mahlaseli a photosynthetically 1500 µmol (photons) m-2 s-) . 1 mots'ehare). Limela li ne li fetisoa ho latela litaba tsa karolo ka 'ngoe matsatsi a 20 ka mor'a hore peo e hlahe (DAE), ho latela Sánchez-Reinoso et al. (2019): 670 mg nitrogen ka semela, 110 mg phosphorus ka semela, 350 mg potassium ka semela, 68 mg calcium ka semela, 20 mg magnesium ka semela, 20 mg sebabole ka semela, 17 mg silicon ka semela. Limela li na le 10 mg boron semela ka seng, 17 mg koporo ka semela, le 44 mg zinki ka semela. Limela tsa raese li ne li bolokiloe ho fihlela ho 47 DAE tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ha li fihla sethaleng sa phenological V5 nakong ena. Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse hore sethaleng sena sa phenological ke nako e loketseng ea ho khanna lithuto tsa khatello ea mocheso ka raese (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017).
Tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, likopo tse peli tse arohaneng tsa taolo ea kholo ea makhasi li ile tsa etsoa. Sehlopha sa pele sa foliar phytohormone sprays se ile sa sebelisoa matsatsi a 5 pele ho phekolo ea khatello ea mocheso (42 DAE) ho lokisetsa limela bakeng sa khatello ea tikoloho. Sefafatsi sa bobeli sa foliar se ile sa fuoa matsatsi a 5 ka mor'a hore limela li be tlas'a maemo a khatello ea kelello (52 DAE). Ho ile ha sebelisoa li-phytohormones tse 'nè' me thepa ea ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e sebetsang e fafalitsoeng thutong ena e thathamisitsoe ho Supplementary Table 1. Likarolo tsa li-regulator tsa ho hōla ha makhasi tse sebelisitsoeng li ne li le tse latelang: (i) Auxin (1-naphthylacetic acid: NAA) ka bongata ba 5. × 10−5 M (ii) 5 × 10–5 M gibberellin (gibberellic acid: NAA); GA3); (iii) Cytokinin (trans-zeatin) 1 × 10-5 M (iv) Brassinosteroids [Spirostan-6-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-, (3b,5a,25R)] 5 × 10-5; M. Likarolo tsena li khethiloe hobane li etsa hore ho be le likarabo tse ntle le ho eketsa khanyetso ea limela khatellong ea mocheso (Zahir et al., 2001; Wen et al., 2010; El-Bassiony et al., 2012; Salehifar et al., 2017). Limela tsa raese ntle le li-spray tsa taolo ea kholo ea limela li ne li phekoloa ka metsi a hloekisitsoeng feela. Limela tsohle tsa raese li ile tsa fafatsoa ka sefafatsi sa letsoho. Tšela 20 ml H2O semeleng ho kolobisa bokaholimo ba makhasi a kaholimo le a tlase. Lifafatsi tsohle tsa foliar li sebelisitse li-adjuvant tsa temo (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Colombia) ho 0.1% (v/v). Sebaka pakeng tsa pitsa le sprayer ke 30 cm.
Kalafo ea khatello ea mocheso e ile ea etsoa matsatsi a 5 ka mor'a ho fafatsa ka foliar ea pele (47 DAE) tekong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe. Limela tsa raese li ile tsa fetisoa ho tloha sethopong ho ea kamoreng ea kholo ea 294 L (MLR-351H, Sanyo, IL, USA) ho theha khatello ea mocheso kapa ho boloka maemo a tšoanang a tikoloho (47 DAE). Kalafo e kopantsoeng ea khatello ea mocheso e ile ea etsoa ka ho beha kamore ho mocheso o latelang oa motšehare/bosiu: mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare [40°C ka lihora tse 5 (ho tloha ka 11:00 ho ea ho 16:00)] le nako ea bosiu [30°C ka lihora tse 5. ] . Matsatsi a 8 ka tatellano (ho tloha 19:00 ho isa 24:00). Mocheso oa khatello ea maikutlo le nako ea ho pepeseha li khethiloe ho latela lithuto tse fetileng (Sánchez-Reynoso et al. 2014; Alvarado-Sanabría et al. 2017). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sehlopha sa limela tse fetisetsoang kamoreng ea ho hōla li ne li bolokiloe ka sethopo ka mocheso o tšoanang (30 ° C motšehare / 25 ° C bosiu) ka matsatsi a 8 a latellanang.
Qetellong ea teko, lihlopha tse latelang tsa phekolo li ile tsa fumanoa: (i) boemo ba mocheso oa ho hōla + ho sebelisoa ha metsi a silafetseng [Taolo e feletseng (AC)], (ii) boemo ba khatello ea mocheso + ho sebelisoa ha metsi a distilled [Ho laola khatello ea mocheso (SC) )], (iii) maemo a khatello ea mocheso + kopo ea auxin (AUX), (iv) boemo ba khatello ea mocheso + kopo ea gibberellin (GA), (v) boemo ba khatello ea mocheso + kopo ea cytokinin (CK), le (vi) boemo ba khatello ea mocheso + brassinosteroid (BR) Sehlomathiso. Lihlopha tsena tsa phekolo li ne li sebelisetsoa li-genotype tse peli (F67 le F2000). Liphekolo tsohle li entsoe ka moralo o hlophisitsoeng ka botlalo o nang le likopi tse hlano, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le semela se le seng. Semela se seng le se seng se ne se sebelisetsoa ho bala mefuta-futa e khethiloeng qetellong ea teko. Teko e nkile 55 DAE.
Stomatal conductance (gs) e ile ea lekanyetsoa ho sebelisoa porosometer e nkehang (SC-1, METER Group Inc., USA) ho tloha ho 0 ho ea ho 1000 mmol m-2 s-1, e nang le sampuli ea kamore ea 6.35 mm. Litekanyo li nkuoa ka ho hokela probe ea stomameter lekhasing le holileng letlobo le leholo la semela le atolositsoe ka botlalo. Bakeng sa phekolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ho baloa ha gs ho ne ho nkoa ka mahlaku a mararo a semela ka seng pakeng tsa 11:00 le 16:00 le karolelano.
RWC e ile ea khethoa ho latela mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ke Ghoulam et al. (2002). Leqephe le atolositsoeng ka botlalo le sebelisetsoang ho fumana g le ile la boela la sebelisoa ho metha RWC. Boima bo bocha (FW) bo ile ba khethoa hang ka mor'a kotulo ho sebelisoa sekala sa digital. Joale makhasi a ne a kenngoa ka sejaneng sa polasetiki se tšetsoeng metsi ebe a siuoa lefifing ka mocheso oa kamore (22°C) ka lihora tse 48. Ebe u lekanya sekala sa digital mme u tlalehe boima bo atolositsoeng (TW). Makhasi a ruruhileng a ne a omisitsoe ka ontong ka 75 ° C bakeng sa lihora tse 48 'me boima ba bona bo omileng (DW) bo ile ba tlalehoa.
Likahare tsa chlorophyll tse amanang li khethiloe ho sebelisoa metara ea chlorophyll (atLeafmeter, FT Green LLC, USA) 'me e hlahisoa ka likarolo tsa atLeaf (Dey et al., 2016). PSII palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea ho bala hantle (karolelano ea Fv/Fm) e ile ea tlalehoa ho sebelisoa chlorophyll fluorimeter e tsosang takatso e tsoelang pele (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments, UK). Makhasi a ne a le lefifi a sebelisa li-clamps tsa makhasi bakeng sa metsotso ea 20 pele ho litekanyo tsa Fv / Fm (Restrepo-Diaz le Garces-Varon, 2013). Ka mor'a hore makhasi a be lefifi, ho ne ho lekanyelitsoe motheo (F0) le boholo ba fluorescence (Fm). Ho tsoa ho lintlha tsena, fluorescence e feto-fetohang (Fv = Fm - F0), karolelano ea fluorescence e fapaneng ho ea ho palo e phahameng ea fluorescence (Fv/Fm), poelo ea palo e phahameng ea PSII photochemistry (Fv/F0) le karo-karolelano ea Fm/F0 e ne e baloa (Baker , 2008; Lee et al., 2017). Litekanyo tse amanang le chlorophyll le chlorophyll fluorescence li nkiloe makhasing a tšoanang a sebelisetsoang litekanyo tsa gs.
Hoo e ka bang 800 mg ea boima ba lekhasi le lecha e ile ea bokelloa e le mefuta e fapaneng ea lik'hemik'hale. Ka mor'a moo, lisampole tsa makhasi li ile tsa etsoa homogenized ka naetrojene ea metsi 'me ea bolokoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng. Mokhoa oa spectrometric o sebelisoang ho hakanya lithane tsa chlorophyll a, b le carotenoid content e ipapisitse le mokhoa le lipalo tse hlalositsoeng ke Wellburn (1994). Mehlala ea makhasi a makhasi (30 mg) e ile ea bokelloa 'me ea etsoa homogenized ka 3 ml ea 80% ea acetone. Joale lisampole li ne li le centrifuged (mohlala 420101, Becton Dickinson Primary Care Diagnostics, USA) ka 5000 rpm bakeng sa 10 min ho tlosa likaroloana. The supernatant e ile ea hlapolloa ho fihlela bophahamong ba 6 ml ka ho eketsa 80% acetone (Sims le Gamon, 2002). Liteng tsa chlorophyll li ile tsa khethoa ho 663 (chlorophyll a) le 646 (chlorophyll b) nm, le carotenoids ho 470 nm ho sebelisa spectrophotometer (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-vis, Thermo, USA).
Mokhoa oa thiobarbituric acid (TBA) o hlalosoang ke Hodges et al. (1999) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlahloba membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA). Hoo e ka bang 0.3 g ya dithishu tsa makhasi le tsona li ne li homogenized ka nitrogen ea metsi. Mehlala e ne e le centrifuged ho 5000 rpm mme monyetla o ne o lekantsoe ka spectrophotometer ho 440, 532 le 600 nm. Qetellong, mahloriso a MDA a baloa ho sebelisoa coefficient ea ho timela (157 M mL-1).
Likahare tsa proline tsa liphekolo tsohle li ile tsa khethoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ke Bates et al. (1973). Eketsa 10 ml ea 3% ea motsoako oa metsi oa sulfosalicylic acid ho sampole e bolokiloeng ebe u sefa ka pampiri ea sefe ea Whatman (No. 2). Joale 2 ml ea filtrate ena e ile ea arabeloa ka 2 ml ea ninhydric acid le 2 ml ea glacial acetic acid. Motsoako o ile oa kenngoa ka bateng ea metsi ka 90 ° C bakeng sa hora e le 'ngoe. Emisa ho itšoara ka ho e incubating holim'a leqhoa. Hlakola tube ka matla u sebelisa vortex shaker 'me u qhale tharollo e hlahisoang ka 4 ml ea toluene. Ho baloa ha absorbance ho ile ha khethoa ho 520 nm ho sebelisoa spectrophotometer e tšoanang e sebelisetsoang ho lekanya li-photosynthetic pigments (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-Vis, Thermo, Madison, WI, USA).
Mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ke Gerhards et al. (2016) ho bala mocheso oa canopy le CSI. Lifoto tsa mocheso li nkiloe ka k'hamera ea FLIR 2 (FLIR Systems Inc., Boston, MA, USA) ka ho nepahala ha ± 2 ° C qetellong ea nako ea khatello ea kelello. Beha sebaka se sesoeu ka mor'a semela bakeng sa ho nka lifoto. Hape, lifeme tse peli li ne li nkoa e le mehlala ea litšupiso. Limela li ne li behoa holim'a sebaka se sesoeu; e ’ngoe e ne e apesitsoe ka motlatsi oa temo (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Bogotá, Colombia) ho etsisa ho buleha ha stomata kaofela [mokhoa o metsi (Twet)], ’me e ’ngoe e ne e le lekhasi le se nang tšebeliso leha e le efe [Dry mode (Tdry)] (Castro -Duque et al., 2020). Sebaka se pakeng tsa khamera le pitsa nakong ea ho nkuoa filimi e ne e le 1 m.
Lenane la ho mamellana le lekanyelitsoeng le ne le baloa ka tsela e sa tobang ho sebelisoa stomatal conductance (gs) ea limela tse tšoaroang ha li bapisoa le limela tsa taolo (limela tse se nang khatello ea kelello le ho sebelisoa ho laola ho hōla) ho fumana mamello ea li-genotypes tse tšoaroang tse hlahlobiloeng thutong ena. RTI e ile ea fumanoa ho sebelisoa equation e nkiloeng ho Chávez-Arias et al. (2020).
Tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, mefuta eohle ea fisioloji e boletsoeng ka holimo e ile ea khethoa 'me ea tlalehoa ho 55 DAE ho sebelisoa makhasi a atolositsoeng ka botlalo a bokelloang ho tloha ka holimo. Ho phaella moo, litekanyo li ne li etsoa ka kamoreng ea ho hōla ho qoba ho fetola maemo a tikoloho ao limela li hōlang ho tsona.
Lintlha tse tsoang litekong tsa pele le tsa bobeli li ile tsa hlahlojoa hammoho e le letoto la liteko. Sehlopha se seng le se seng sa liteko se ne se e-na le limela tse 5, 'me semela ka seng se ne se etsa karolo ea liteko. Tlhahlobo ea phapang (ANOVA) e entsoe (P ≤ 0.05). Ha liphapang tse kholo li fumanoa, teko ea ho bapisa ea post hoc ea Tukey e sebelisitsoe ho P ≤ 0.05. Sebelisa tšebetso ea arcsine ho fetolela liphesente tsa boleng. Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Statistix v 9.0 software (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL, USA) 'me e reriloe ho sebelisa SigmaPlot (version 10.0; Systat Software, San Jose, CA, USA). Tlhahlobo ea karolo e kholo e entsoe ho sebelisoa software ea InfoStat 2016 (Analysis Software, National University of Cordoba, Argentina) ho hlwaya balaoli ba molemo ka ho fetisisa ba kholo ea limela tlas'a boithuto.
Letlapa la 1 le akaretsa ANOVA e bonts'ang liteko, liphekolo tse fapaneng, le tšebelisano ea tsona le li-photosynthetic pigments tsa makhasi (chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoids), malondialdehyde (MDA) le proline content, le stomatal conductance. Phello ea gs, tekanyo ea metsi a amanang. (RWC), chlorophyll content, chlorophyll alpha fluorescence parameters, crown temperature (PCT) (°C), crop stress index (CSI) le related tolerance index of rice plants at 55 DAE.
Letlapa la 1. Kakaretso ea lintlha tsa ANOVA mabapi le mefuta ea raese ea physiological le biochemical pakeng tsa liteko (genotypes) le phekolo ea khatello ea mocheso.
Phapang (P≤0.01) tšebelisanong ea makhasi a photosynthetic pigment, content chlorophyll content (Atleaf readings), le alpha-chlorophyll fluorescence parameters pakeng tsa liteko le mekhoa ea phekolo e bontšoa ho Lethathamo la 2. Mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare le bosiu o ile oa eketsa kakaretso ea chlorophyll le carotenoid. Lipeo tsa raese tse se nang foliar spray ea phytohormones (2.36 mg g-1 bakeng sa “F67″ le 2.56 mg g-1 bakeng sa “F2000″) ha li bapisoa le limela tse lenngoeng tlas’a maemo a phahameng a mocheso (2.67 mg g -1)) li bonts’itse kakaretso e tlase ea chlorophyll. . Litekong tsena ka bobeli, "F67" e ne e le 2.80 mg g-1 le "F2000" e ne e le 2.80 mg g-1. Ho feta moo, lipeo tsa raese tse phekoloang ka motsoako oa li-sprays tsa AUX le GA tlas'a khatello ea mocheso le tsona li bontšitse ho fokotseha ha chlorophyll ho li-genotype ka bobeli (AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 le GA = 1.45 mg g-1 bakeng sa "F67"; 1.96 mg g-1 le GA = 1.45 mg g-1 bakeng sa "F67"; 2.24 mg) g-1 le GA = 1.43 mg g-1 (bakeng sa "F2000" ) tlas'a maemo a khatello ea mocheso. Tlas'a maemo a khatello ea mocheso, phekolo ea foliar le BR e entse hore ho be le keketseho e nyenyane ea phetoho ena liphatseng tsa lefutso ka bobeli. Qetellong, CK foliar spray e bonts'itse boleng bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba photosynthetic pigment har'a liphekolo tsohle (AUX, GA, BR, SC le AC treatments) ho li-genotypes F67 (3.24 mg g-1) le F2000 (3.65 mg g-1). Likahare tse amanang tsa chlorophyll (Atleaf unit) le tsona li ile tsa fokotsoa ke khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng. Litekanyetso tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa li ne li boetse li tlalehiloe limela tse fafalitsoeng ka CC ho li-genotypes ka bobeli (41.66 bakeng sa "F67" le 49.30 bakeng sa "F2000"). Karolelano ea Fv le Fv/Fm e bonts'itse phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa kalafo le mefuta ea limela (Letlapa la 2). Ka kakaretso, har'a mefuta ena, mofuta oa F67 o ne o sa hlaselehe habonolo khatellong ea mocheso ho feta mofuta oa F2000. Likarolo tsa Fv le Fv/Fm li ile tsa utloa bohloko haholoanyane tekong ea bobeli. Lipeo tse hatelitsoeng tsa 'F2000′ tse sa kang tsa fafatsoa ka phytohormones li ne li na le boleng bo tlase ba Fv (2120.15) le Fv/Fm ratios (0.59), empa ho fafatsa ka foliar ka CK ho thusitse ho khutlisetsa boleng bona (Fv: 2591, 89, Fv /Fm karo-karolelano: 0.73). , ho amohela lipalo tse tšoanang le tse tlalehiloeng ho limela tsa "F2000" tse hōlileng tlas'a maemo a nepahetseng a mocheso (Fv: 2955.35, Fv / Fm ratio: 0.73: 0.72). Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo ho fluorescence ea pele (F0), boholo ba fluorescence (Fm), boholo ba photochemical quantum poelo ea PSII (Fv / F0) le Fm / F0 karo-karolelano. Qetellong, BR e bontšitse mokhoa o ts'oanang le o bonoang le CK (Fv 2545.06, Fv/Fm ratio 0.73).
Letlapa la 2. Phello ea khatello ea mocheso e kopantsoeng (40°/30°C motšehare/bosiu) makhasing a li-photosynthetic pigments [kakaretso ea chlorophyll (Chl Total), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) le carotenoids Cx+c] phello ], litaba tsa chlorophyll tse amanang (Atliff unit), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (ea pele fluorescence (F0), boholo ba fluorescence (Fm), fluorescence e feto-fetohang (Fv), katleho e phahameng ea PSII (Fv/Fm), lihlahisoa tse phahameng tsa photochemical quantum ea PSII (Fv/F0) le Fm/F0 limela tsa mefuta e 'meli ea raese [Federrose 67 (F67) le Federrose 2000 (F2000)] matsatsi a 55 ka mor'a ho hlaha (DAE)).
Likahare tsa metsi tse amanang (RWC) tsa limela tsa raese tse tšoaroang ka tsela e fapaneng li bontšitse phapang (P ≤ 0.05) ho sebelisana pakeng tsa mekhoa ea liteko le ea foliar (setšoantšo sa 1A). Ha e phekoloa le SA, litekanyetso tse tlaase ka ho fetisisa li ile tsa tlalehoa bakeng sa li-genotypes ka bobeli (74.01% bakeng sa F67 le 76.6% bakeng sa F2000). Tlas'a maemo a khatello ea mocheso, RWC ea limela tsa raese tsa mefuta e 'meli ea genotype e tšoaroang ka li-phytohormone tse fapaneng e ile ea eketseha haholo. Ka kakaretso, lits'ebetso tsa foliar tsa CK, GA, AUX, kapa BR li ekelitse RWC ho boleng bo ts'oanang le ba limela tse lenngoeng tlasa maemo a nepahetseng nakong ea liteko. Taolo e felletseng le limela tse fafalitsoeng ka foliar li tlaleha boleng ba hoo e ka bang 83% bakeng sa liphatsa tsa lefutso ka bobeli. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, gs e boetse e bontša phapang e khōlō (P ≤ 0.01) ho sebelisana ha liteko-phekolo (setšoantšo sa 1B). Semela sa taolo e felletseng (AC) se boetse se tlaleha boleng bo phahameng ka ho fetesisa bakeng sa genotype ka 'ngoe (440.65 mmol m-2s-1 bakeng sa F67 le 511.02 mmol m-2s-1 bakeng sa F2000). Limela tsa raese tse tlas'a khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng feela li bonts'itse boleng bo tlase ba gs ho li-genotypes ka bobeli (150.60 mmol m-2s-1 bakeng sa F67 le 171.32 mmol m-2s-1 bakeng sa F2000). Kalafo ea foliar le balaoli bohle ba kholo ea limela le eona e eketsehile g. Ho limela tsa raese tsa F2000 tse fafalitsoeng ka CC, phello ea ho fafatsa foliar ka phytohormones e ne e hlakile haholoanyane. Sehlopha sena sa limela ha se bontše phapang ha se bapisoa le limela tse laolang ka ho feletseng (AC 511.02 le CC 499.25 mmol m-2s-1).
Setšoantšo sa 1. Phello ea khatello ea mocheso e kopantsoeng (40 ° / 30 ° C motšehare / bosiu) holim'a metsi a lekanyelitsoeng (RWC) (A), stomatal conductance (gs) (B), malondialdehyde (MDA) tlhahiso (C), le proline dikahare . (D) limela tsa mefuta e 'meli ea raese (F67 le F2000) matsatsing a 55 ka mor'a ho hlaha (DAE). Liphekolo tse hlahlobiloeng bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa genotype li kenyeletsa: taolo e feletseng (AC), taolo ea khatello ea mocheso (SC), khatello ea mocheso + auxin (AUX), khatello ea mocheso + gibberellin (GA), khatello ea mocheso + cell mitogen (CK), le khatello ea mocheso + brassinosteroid. . (BR). Kholomo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e emela phoso e bolelang ± e tloaelehileng ea lintlha tse hlano tsa data (n = 5). Litšiea tse lateloang ke litlhaku tse fapaneng li bontša phapang e kholo ea lipalo ho latela tlhahlobo ea Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Mangolo a nang le letšoao le lekanang a bontša hore moelelo ha o na lipalo-palo (≤ 0.05).
Likahare tsa MDA (P ≤ 0.01) le proline (P ≤ 0.01) le tsona li bontšitse phapang e khōlō ea ho sebelisana pakeng tsa liteko le phekolo ea phytohormone (setšoantšo sa 1C, D). Ho eketseha ha lipid peroxidation ho ile ha hlokomeloa ka phekolo ea SC ka bobeli ba genotypes (Figure 1C), leha ho le joalo limela tse tšoaroang ka makhasi a laolang makhasi li ile tsa bontša ho fokotseha ha lipid peroxidation ho li-genotype ka bobeli; Ka kakaretso, tšebeliso ea li-phytohormones (CA, AUC, BR kapa GA) e lebisa ho fokotseha ha lipid peroxidation (liteng tsa MDA). Ha ho phapang e fumanoeng lipakeng tsa limela tsa AC tsa li-genotype tse peli le limela tse tlas'a khatello ea mocheso 'me li fafatsoa ka li-phytohormones (litekanyetso tsa FW tse hlokometsoeng ho "F67" li ne li tloha ho 4.38-6.77 µmol g-1, le limela tsa FW "F2000" "li bolokoa boleng. ho tloha ho 2.84 ho isa ho 9.18 μmol g-1 (limela ka lehlakoreng le leng). letsoho, proline synthesis "F67" limela e ne e le tlase ho feta "F2000" limela tlas'a khatello ea kelello e kopantsoeng, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore ho be le keketseho ea tlhahiso ea proline limela tsa raese tse hatelitsoeng ke mocheso, litekong tse peli, ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore tsamaiso ea li-hormone tsena e ile ea eketsa haholo li-amino acid tsa limela tsa F2000 (AUX le BR e ne e le 30.44 le 18.34 µmol g-1) ka ho latellana. (Setšoantšo sa 1G).
Litlamorao tsa selaoli se laolang kholo ea semela sa foliar le khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso mochesong oa mocheso oa semela le index ea tolerance index (RTI) li bonts'itsoe ho Figure 2A le B. Bakeng sa mefuta e 'meli ea genotype, mocheso oa canopy oa limela tsa AC o ne o le haufi le 27°C, le hore ea limela tsa SC e ne e ka ba 28°C. LE. Ho ile ha boela ha hlokomeloa hore phekolo ea foliar ka CK le BR e entse hore ho fokotsehe ha mocheso oa 2-3 ° C ho bapisoa le limela tsa SC (Setšoantšo sa 2A). RTI e bontšitse boitšoaro bo tšoanang le mefuta e meng ea 'mele, e bontšang phapang e khōlō (P ≤ 0.01) ho sebelisana pakeng tsa liteko le phekolo (Setšoantšo sa 2B). Limela tsa SC li bontšitse mamello e tlase ea limela ho li-genotype ka bobeli (34.18% le 33.52% bakeng sa limela tsa raese tsa "F67" le "F2000", ka ho latellana). Ho fepa ka foliar ea phytohormones ho ntlafatsa RTI limeleng tse pepesehileng khatello e phahameng ea mocheso. Phello ena e ile ea bonahala haholoanyane ho limela tsa "F2000" tse fafalitsoeng ka CC, moo RTI e neng e le 97.69. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, phapang e khōlō e ile ea hlokomeloa feela ka lihlahisoa tsa khatello ea maikutlo (CSI) ea limela tsa raese tlas'a maemo a khatello ea maikutlo a foliar factor spray (P ≤ 0.01) (Fig. 2B). Ke limela tsa raese feela tse tlas'a khatello e matla ea mocheso li bontšitseng boleng bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba khatello ea maikutlo (0.816). Ha limela tsa raese li ne li fafatsoa ka li-phytohormone tse fapaneng, index ea khatello ea maikutlo e ne e le tlase (litheko ho tloha ho 0,6 ho isa ho 0.67). Qetellong, semela sa raese se hōlileng tlas'a maemo a nepahetseng se ne se e-na le boleng ba 0.138.
Setšoantšo sa 2. Liphello tsa khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng (40°/30°C mots'eare/bosiu) ho mocheso oa mohatla (A), index ea tolerance e amanang (RTI) (B), le index ea khatello ea lijalo (CSI) (C) ea mefuta e 'meli ea limela. . Li-genotypes tsa raese tsa khoebo (F67 le F2000) li ne li le tlas'a mekhoa e fapaneng ea phekolo ea mocheso. Liphekolo tse hlahlobiloeng bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa genotype li kenyeletsa: taolo e feletseng (AC), taolo ea khatello ea mocheso (SC), khatello ea mocheso + auxin (AUX), khatello ea mocheso + gibberellin (GA), khatello ea mocheso + cell mitogen (CK), le khatello ea mocheso + brassinosteroid. . (BR). Khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng e kenyelletsa ho pepesa limela tsa raese mochesong o phahameng oa motšehare/bosiu (40°/30°C motšehare/bosiu). Kholomo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e emela phoso e bolelang ± e tloaelehileng ea lintlha tse hlano tsa data (n = 5). Litšiea tse lateloang ke litlhaku tse fapaneng li bontša phapang e kholo ea lipalo ho latela tlhahlobo ea Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Mangolo a nang le letšoao le lekanang a bontša hore moelelo ha o na lipalo-palo (≤ 0.05).
Tlhahlobo ea likarolo tse ka sehloohong (PCA) e senoletse hore mefuta e fapaneng e hlahlobiloeng ho 55 DAE e hlalositse 66.1% ea likarabo tsa 'mele le likokoana-hloko tsa limela tsa raese tse hatelitsoeng ke mocheso tse tšoaroang ka spray regulator spray (Fig. 3). Li-vector li emela mefuta-futa 'me matheba a emela balaoli ba kholo ea limela (GRs). Li-vector tsa gs, chlorophyll content, palo e phahameng ea quantum performance ea PSII (Fv/Fm) le biochemical parameters (TChl, MDA le proline) li haufi le tšimoloho, e leng se bontšang kamano e phahameng pakeng tsa boitšoaro ba limela le bona. feto-fetoha. Sehlopha se seng (V) se ne se kenyelletsa lipeo tsa raese tse lenngoeng ka mocheso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa (AT) le limela tsa F2000 tse phekoloang ka CK le BA. Ka nako e ts'oanang, boholo ba limela tse tšoaroang ka GR li thehile sehlopha se arohaneng (IV), 'me phekolo le GA ka F2000 e thehile sehlopha se arohaneng (II). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lipeo tsa raese tse hatelletsoeng mocheso (lihlopha tsa I le III) tse se nang foliar spray ea phytohormones (li-genotype ka bobeli e ne e le SC) li ne li le sebakeng se khahlano le sehlopha sa V, se bontšang phello ea khatello ea mocheso ho physiology ea limela. .
Setšoantšo sa 3. Tlhahlobo ea boitsebiso ba liphello tsa khatello ea mocheso e kopantsoeng (40 ° / 30 ° C motšehare / bosiu) limela tsa li-genotype tse peli tsa raese (F67 le F2000) matsatsing a 55 ka mor'a ho hlaha (DAE). Likgutsufatso: AC F67, taolo e feletseng F67; SC F67, taolo ea khatello ea mocheso F67; AUX F67, khatello ea mocheso + auxin F67; GA F67, khatello ea mocheso + gibberellin F67; CK F67, khatello ea mocheso + karohano ea lisele BR F67, khatello ea mocheso + brassinosteroid. F67; AC F2000, taolo e felletseng F2000; SC F2000, Taolo ea Khatello ea Mocheso F2000; AUX F2000, khatello ea mocheso + auxin F2000; GA F2000, khatello ea mocheso + gibberellin F2000; CK F2000, khatello ea mocheso + cytokinin, BR F2000, khatello ea mocheso + steroid ea koporo; F2000.
Lintho tse fapaneng tse kang chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, Fv/Fm ratio, CSI, MDA, RTI le proline content li ka thusa ho utloisisa ho feto-fetoha ha mefuta ea raese le ho hlahloba phello ea maano a agronomic tlas'a khatello ea mocheso (Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero- Calderon et al., 2021). Sepheo sa teko ena e ne e le ho hlahloba phello ea ts'ebeliso ea li-regulator tse 'nè tsa kholo holim'a likarolo tsa fisioloji le tsa biochemical tsa lipeo tsa raese tlas'a maemo a thata a khatello ea mocheso. Tlhahlobo ea lipeo ke mokhoa o bonolo le o potlakileng oa tlhahlobo ea nako e le 'ngoe ea limela tsa raese ho itšetlehile ka boholo kapa boemo ba lisebelisoa tse teng (Sarsu et al. 2018). Liphello tsa phuputso ena li bontšitse hore khatello ea mocheso e kopantsoeng e etsa hore ho be le likarabo tse fapaneng tsa 'mele le lik'hemik'hale ho li-genotype tse peli tsa raese, tse bontšang mokhoa oa ho ikamahanya le maemo. Liphetho tsena li boetse li bontša hore li-sprays tse laolang kholo ea foliar (haholo-holo li-cytokinins le brassinosteroids) li thusa raese ho ikamahanya le khatello ea mocheso e rarahaneng kaha ho rata ho ama haholo-holo gs, RWC, Fv/Fm ratio, photosynthetic pigments le proline content.
Tšebeliso ea li-regulator tsa kholo e thusa ho ntlafatsa boemo ba metsi a limela tsa raese tlas'a khatello ea mocheso, e ka 'nang ea amahanngoa le khatello e phahameng ea maikutlo le mocheso o tlaase oa limela. Boithuto bona bo bonts'itse hore har'a limela tsa "F2000" (genotype), limela tsa raese tse tšoaroang haholo-holo ka CK kapa BR li ne li na le boleng bo phahameng ba gs le boleng bo tlase ba PCT ho feta limela tse tšoaroang ka SC. Liphuputso tse fetileng li boetse li bontšitse hore gs le PCT ke matšoao a nepahetseng a 'mele a ka tsebang karabelo e feto-fetohang ea limela tsa raese le liphello tsa maano a agronomic ka khatello ea mocheso (Restrepo-Diaz le Garces-Varon, 2013; Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero ). -Carr DeLong et al., 2021). Leaf CK kapa BR e ntlafatsa g tlas'a khatello ea kelello hobane li-hormone tsena tsa semela li ka khothalletsa ho buleha ha stomatal ka ho sebelisana le limolek'hule tse ling tse kang ABA (motšehetsi oa ho koala ha stomatal tlas'a khatello ea kelello) (Macková et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013) . 2013). ). , 2014). Ho bula stomatal ho khothalletsa ho pholile ha makhasi 'me ho thusa ho fokotsa mocheso oa canopy (Sonjaroon et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Ka mabaka ana, mocheso oa limela tsa raese o fafalitsoeng ka CK kapa BR o ka ba tlase tlas'a khatello ea mocheso e kopantsoeng.
Khatello ea mocheso e phahameng e ka fokotsa li-photosynthetic pigment content ea makhasi (Chen et al., 2017; Ahammed et al., 2018). Thutong ena, ha limela tsa raese li ne li le tlas'a khatello ea mocheso 'me li sa fafatsoa ka lilaoli leha e le life tsa kholo ea limela, li-photosynthetic pigments li ne li atisa ho fokotseha ka bobeli ba genotypes (Letlapa la 2). Feng et al. (2013) e boetse e tlaleha ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha chlorophyll makhasi a li-genotype tse peli tsa koro tse pepesehileng khatello ea mocheso. Ho pepesehela mocheso o phahameng hangata ho fella ka ho fokotseha ha litaba tsa chlorophyll, e ka bang ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha chlorophyll biosynthesis, ho senyeha ha li-pigments, kapa litlamorao tsa tsona tse kopaneng tlasa khatello ea mocheso (Fahad et al., 2017). Leha ho le joalo, limela tsa raese tse tšoaroang haholo-holo ka CK le BA li ile tsa eketsa bongata ba li-pigment tsa makhasi a photosynthetic tlas'a khatello ea mocheso. Liphetho tse tšoanang le tsona li tlalehiloe ke Jespersen and Huang (2015) le Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), ea boneng keketseho ea makhasi a chlorophyll ka mor'a tšebeliso ea lihomone tsa zeatin le epibrassinosteroid ho bentgrass e hatelitsoeng ke mocheso le raese, ka ho latellana. Tlhaloso e utloahalang ea hore na ke hobane'ng ha CK le BR li khothalletsa ho eketseha ha lekhasi la chlorophyll tlas'a khatello ea mocheso e kopantsoeng ke hore CK e ka 'na ea ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea nako e telele ea bahlahisi ba polelo (joalo ka senescence-activating promoter (SAG12) kapa HSP18 promotor) le ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea chlorophyll. mahlakung. , liehisa ho hlaha ha makhasi le ho eketsa khanyetso ea semela mochesong (Liu et al., 2020). BR e ka sireletsa chlorophyll ea lekhasi le ho eketsa litaba tsa chlorophyll ea makhasi ka ho kenya tšebetsong kapa ho kenya tšebetsong li-enzyme tse amehang ho chlorophyll biosynthesis tlasa maemo a khatello ea maikutlo (Sharma et al., 2017; Siddiqui et al., 2018). Qetellong, li-phytohormones tse peli (CK le BR) li boetse li khothalletsa polelo ea liprotheine tsa mocheso oa mocheso le ho ntlafatsa mekhoa e mengata ea ho ikamahanya le maemo, e kang ho eketseha ha chlorophyll biosynthesis (Sharma et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020).
Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters fana ka mokhoa o potlakileng le o sa senyeheng o ka hlahlobang mamello ea limela kapa ho ikamahanya le maemo a khatello ea kelello (Chaerle et al. 2007; Kalaji et al. 2017). Mekhahlelo e kang ea Fv / Fm e 'nile ea sebelisoa e le matšoao a ho ikamahanya le maemo a limela le maemo a khatello ea kelello (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017; Chavez-Arias et al. 2020). Thutong ena, limela tsa SC li bonts'itse boleng bo tlase haholo ba mofuta ona, haholo limela tsa raese tsa "F2000". Yin et al. (2010) hape e fumane hore karo-karolelano ea Fv/Fm ea makhasi a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a ho lema raese e fokotsehile haholo mochesong o ka holimo ho 35°C. Ho ea ka Feng et al. (2013), karo-karolelano e ka tlaase ea Fv/Fm tlas'a khatello ea mocheso e bontša hore sekhahla sa ho ts'oaroa ha matla le ho sokoloha ke setsi sa karabelo sa PSII se fokotsehile, se bontšang hore setsi sa karabelo sa PSII se senyeha tlas'a khatello ea mocheso. Tlhokomeliso ena e re lumella ho etsa qeto ea hore litšitiso tse teng ka har'a lisebelisoa tsa photosynthetic li bonahala haholo mefuteng e hlokolosi (Fedearroz 2000) ho feta mefuta e hanyetsanang (Fedearroz 67).
Tšebeliso ea CK kapa BR ka kakaretso e ntlafalitse ts'ebetso ea PSII tlas'a maemo a thata a khatello ea mocheso. Liphetho tse tšoanang li ile tsa fumanoa ke Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), ea ileng a hlokomela hore kopo ea BR e ekelitse katleho ea PSII tlas'a khatello ea mocheso ka raese. Kumar et al. (2020) hape e fumane hore limela tsa chickpea tse tšoaroang ka CK (6-benzyladenine) le tlas'a khatello ea mocheso li ekelitse karo-karolelano ea Fv/Fm, ho etsa qeto ea hore ts'ebeliso ea foliar ea CK ka ho kenya ts'ebetso ea zeaxanthin pigment e khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea PSII. Ho feta moo, BR leaf spray e ne e rata photosynthesis ea PSII tlas'a maemo a kopantsoeng a khatello ea kelello, e leng se bontšang hore tšebeliso ea phytohormone ena e ile ea fella ka ho fokotseha ha matla a hlasimollang a li-antennae tsa PSII le ho khothalletsa ho bokellana ha liprotheine tse nyenyane tsa mocheso li-chloroplasts (Ogweno et al. 2008; Kothari le Lachowitz). , 2021).
MDA le proline content hangata e eketseha ha limela li le tlas'a khatello ea abiotic ha li bapisoa le limela tse hōlileng tlas'a maemo a nepahetseng (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017). Liphuputso tse fetileng li boetse li bontšitse hore MDA le litekanyetso tsa proline ke lipontšo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse ka sebelisoang ho utloisisa mokhoa oa ho ikamahanya le maemo kapa phello ea mekhoa ea agronomic ka raese tlas'a mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare kapa bosiu (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Liphuputso tsena li boetse li bontšitse hore MDA le litaba tsa proline li ne li atisa ho ba tse phahameng ho limela tsa raese tse pepesehileng mocheso o phahameng bosiu kapa motšehare, ka ho latellana. Leha ho le joalo, ho fafatsa ka foliar ea CK le BR ho kentse letsoho phokotsong ea MDA le keketseho ea maemo a proline, haholo-holo ho genotype e mamellang (Federroz 67). CK spray e ka khothalletsa ho fetella ha cytokinin oxidase / dehydrogenase, ka hona ho eketsa litaba tsa metsoako e sireletsang e kang betaine le proline (Liu et al., 2020). BR e khothalletsa ho kenngoa ha li-osmoprotectants tse kang betaine, tsoekere, le amino acid (ho kenyeletsoa le proline ea mahala), ho boloka tekanyo ea lisele tsa osmotic tlas'a maemo a mangata a mabe a tikoloho (Kothari le Lachowiec, 2021).
Crop stress index (CSI) le related tolerance index (RTI) li sebelisoa ho bona hore na liphekolo tse ntseng li hlahlojoa li thusa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo (abiotic le biotic) mme li na le phello e ntle ho physiology ea limela (Castro-Duque et al., 2020; Chavez -Arias et al., 2020). Litekanyetso tsa CSI li ka tloha ho 0 ho isa ho 1, e emelang maemo a se nang khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, ka ho latellana (Lee et al., 2010). Litekanyetso tsa CSI tsa limela tse hatelitsoeng ke mocheso (SC) li ne li tloha ho 0.8 ho isa ho 0.9 (Setšoantšo sa 2B), ho bonts'a hore limela tsa raese li anngoe hampe ke khatello ea maikutlo e kopaneng. Leha ho le joalo, ho fafatsa foliar ea BC (0.6) kapa CK (0.6) haholo-holo ho lebisitse ho fokotseha ha letšoao lena tlas'a maemo a khatello ea kelello ha a bapisoa le limela tsa raese tsa SC. Limeleng tsa F2000, RTI e bontšitse keketseho e phahameng ha e sebelisa CA (97.69%) le BC (60.73%) ha e bapisoa le SA (33.52%), e bontšang hore balaoli bana ba ho hōla ha limela le bona ba kenya letsoho ho ntlafatsa karabo ea raese ho mamello ea sebopeho. Ho chesa haholo. Li-indices tsena li khothalelitsoe ho laola maemo a khatello ea maikutlo mefuteng e fapaneng. Phuputso e entsoeng ke Lee et al. (2010) e bontšitse hore CSI ea mefuta e 'meli ea k'hothone tlas'a khatello ea metsi e leka-lekaneng e ne e ka ba 0.85, athe litekanyetso tsa CSI tsa mefuta e noselitsoeng hantle li ne li tloha ho 0.4 ho isa ho 0.6, ho etsa qeto ea hore index ena ke sesupo sa phetoho ea metsi ea mefuta e sa tšoaneng. . maemo a sithabetsang. Ho feta moo, Chavez-Arias et al. (2020) e ile ea hlahloba katleho ea li-elicitors tsa maiketsetso e le leano le pharaletseng la ho laola khatello ea kelello limela tsa C. elegans 'me tsa fumana hore limela tse fafalitsoeng ka metsoako ena li bontšitse RTI e phahameng (65%). Ho itšetlehile ka se ka holimo, CK le BR li ka nkoa e le maqheka a agronomic a reretsoeng ho eketsa mamello ea raese ho khatello ea mocheso e rarahaneng, kaha balaoli bana ba ho hōla ha limela ba etsa hore ho be le likarabo tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa 'mele.
Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, lipatlisiso tsa raese Colombia li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho lekola li-genotypes tse mamellang mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare kapa oa bosiu o sebelisa litšobotsi tsa 'mele kapa tsa biochemical (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2021). Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, tlhahlobo ea mahlale a sebetsang, a moruo le a phaello e bile bohlokoa haholo ho sisinya taolo e kopaneng ea lijalo ho ntlafatsa litlamorao tsa linako tse thata tsa khatello ea mocheso naheng (Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero -Calderon et al., 2021) . Ka hona, likarabelo tsa 'mele le tsa biochemical tsa limela tsa raese khatellong ea mocheso e rarahaneng (40°C letsatsi/30°C bosiu) tse hlokometsoeng thutong ena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fafatsa ka foliar ka CK kapa BR e ka ba mokhoa o loketseng oa taolo ea lijalo ho fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe. Phello ea linako tsa khatello ea mocheso e itekanetseng. Liphekolo tsena li ntlafalitse mamello ea li-genotypes tsa raese (CSI e tlase le RTI e phahameng), e bonts'a mokhoa o akaretsang oa likarabo tsa 'mele le biochemical tsa semela tlas'a khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng. Karabelo e kholo ea limela tsa raese e ne e le ho fokotseha ha litaba tsa GC, kakaretso ea chlorophyll, chlorophylls α le β le carotenoids. Ho feta moo, limela li na le ts'enyo ea PSII (e fokotsehile chlorophyll fluorescence parameters tse kang Fv/Fm ratio) le ho eketseha ha lipid peroxidation. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha raese e tšoaroa ka CK le BR, liphello tsena tse mpe li ile tsa fokotsoa 'me lihlahisoa tsa proline li ile tsa eketseha (setšoantšo sa 4).
Setšoantšo sa 4. Mohlala oa maikutlo oa litlamorao tsa khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso le taolo ea kholo ea limela tsa foliar holim'a limela tsa raese. Metsu e khubelu le e putsoa e bonts'a litlamorao tse mpe kapa tse ntle tsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa khatello ea mocheso le ts'ebeliso ea foliar ea BR (brassinosteroid) le CK (cytokinin) mabapi le likarabo tsa fisioloji le tsa biochemical ka ho latellana. gs: boitšoaro ba stomatal; Kakaretso ea Chl: kakaretso ea chlorophyll; Chl α: chlorophyll β content; Cx + c: dikahare tsa carotenoid;
Ka kakaretso, likarabo tsa fisioloji le tsa biochemical thutong ena li bonts'a hore limela tsa raese tsa Fedearroz 2000 li ka hlaseloa habonolo ke nako ea khatello e matla ea mocheso ho feta limela tsa raese tsa Fedearroz 67. Litaolo tsohle tsa kholo tse hlahlobiloeng thutong ena (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, kapa brassinosteroids) li bontšitse tekanyo e itseng ea ho fokotsa khatello ea mocheso e kopanetsoeng. Leha ho le joalo, cytokinin le brassinosteroids li ile tsa etsa hore limela li ikamahanye hantle ha lilaoli tsa kholo ea limela ka bobeli li ntse li eketsa chlorophyll content, alpha-chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, gs le RWC ha li bapisoa le limela tsa raese ntle le kopo leha e le efe, hape li fokolitse litaba tsa MDA le mocheso oa canopy. Ka bokhutšoanyane, re etsa qeto ea hore tšebeliso ea li-regulator tsa kholo ea limela (cytokinins le brassinosteroids) ke sesebelisoa se molemo sa ho laola maemo a khatello ea lijalo tsa raese tse bakoang ke khatello e matla ea mocheso nakong ea mocheso o phahameng.
Lisebelisoa tsa pele tse hlahisitsoeng thutong li kenyelelitsoe le sengoloa, 'me lipotso tse ling li ka lebisoa ho sengoli se tsamaisanang le sona.
Nako ea poso: Aug-08-2024