Tlhahiso ea raese e ntse e fokotseha ka lebaka la phetoho ea tlelaemete le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo Colombia.Balaoli ba kholo ea limelali sebelisitsoe e le leano la ho fokotsa khatello ea mocheso lijalong tse fapaneng. Ka hona, sepheo sa phuputso ena e ne e le ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa 'mele (ho tsamaisa ka mpeng, ho tsamaisa ka mpeng, kakaretso ea chlorophyll, karolelano ea Fv/Fm ea mefuta e 'meli ea raese ea khoebo e nang le khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng (lithempereichara tse phahameng tsa motšehare le bosiu), mocheso oa canopy le metsi a amanang) le mefuta-futa ea biochemical (malondialdehyde (MDA) le tekanyo ea prolinic acid). Liteko tsa pele le tsa bobeli li entsoe ho sebelisoa limela tsa mefuta e 'meli ea raese e nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso Federrose 67 ("F67") le Federrose 2000 ("F2000"), ka ho latellana. Liteko ka bobeli li ile tsa hlahlojoa hammoho e le letoto la liteko. Mekhoa ea phekolo e thehiloeng e ne e le e latelang: taolo e felletseng (AC) (limela tsa raese tse holisitsoeng mochesong o motle (mocheso oa motšehare/bosiu 30/25°C)), taolo ea khatello ea mocheso (SC) [limela tsa raese li nang le khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng feela (40/ 25°C). 30°C)], mme dimela tsa raese di ile tsa hatelloa mme tsa fafatswa ka balaodi ba kgolo ya dimela (kgatello+AUX, kgatello+BR, kgatello+CK kapa kgatello+GA) habeli (matsatsi a 5 pele le matsatsi a 5 kamora kgatello ya mocheso). Ho fafatsa ka SA ho ekeditse kakaretso ya chlorophyll ya mefuta ka bobedi (boima bo botjha ba dimela tsa raese “F67″ le “F2000″ e ne e le 3.25 le 3.65 mg/g, ka ho latellana) ha ho bapiswa le dimela tsa SC (boima bo botjha ba dimela tsa “F67″ e ne e le 2.36 le 2.56 mg). g-1)” le raese “F2000″, tshebediso ya makhasi a CK le yona ka kakaretso e ntlafaditse tsamaiso ya mpa ya dimela tsa raese “F2000″ (499.25 vs. 150.60 mmol m-2 s) ha ho bapiswa le taolo ya kgatello ya mocheso. kgatello ya mocheso, mocheso wa moqhaka wa semela o fokotseha ka 2–3 °C, mme dikahare tsa MDA dimeleng di a fokotseha. Lenane la mamello e amanang le limela le bontša hore tšebeliso ea CK (97.69%) le BR (60.73%) ea makhasi e ka thusa ho fokotsa bothata ba khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso. haholo-holo limela tsa raese tsa F2000. Qetellong, ho fafatsa BR kapa CK ka makhasi ho ka nkoa e le leano la temo ho thusa ho fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa maemo a khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso boitšoarong ba 'mele ba limela tsa raese.
Raese (Oryza sativa) ke ea lelapa la Poaceae 'me ke e 'ngoe ea lijo-thollo tse lengoang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng hammoho le poone le koro (Bajaj le Mohanty, 2005). Sebaka se tlas'a temo ea raese ke lihekthere tse 617,934, 'me tlhahiso ea naha ka 2020 e ne e le lithane tse 2,937,840 ka karolelano ea chai ea lithane tse 5.02/ha (Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021).
Ho futhumala ha lefatše ho ama lijalo tsa raese, ho lebisang mefuteng e fapaneng ea khatello ea tlhaho e kang mocheso o phahameng le linako tsa komello. Phetoho ea tlelaemete e baka hore mocheso oa lefats'e o eketsehe; Ho lebelletsoe hore mocheso o tla nyoloha ka 1.0–3.7°C lekholong la bo21 la lilemo, e leng se ka eketsang makhetlo le matla a khatello ea mocheso. Ho eketseha ha mocheso tikolohong ho amme raese, ho baka hore chai ea lijalo e theohe ka 6–7%. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, phetoho ea tlelaemete e boetse e lebisa maemong a mabe a tikoloho bakeng sa lijalo, joalo ka linako tsa komello e matla kapa mocheso o phahameng libakeng tsa tropike le tsa tropike. Ho phaella moo, liketsahalo tse fapaneng tse kang El Niño li ka lebisa khatellong ea mocheso le ho mpefatsa tšenyo ea lijalo libakeng tse ling tsa tropike. Colombia, mocheso libakeng tse hlahisang raese o lebelletsoe ho eketseha ka 2–2.5°C ka 2050, ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea raese le ho ama phallo ea lihlahisoa ho ea limmarakeng le liketane tsa phepelo.
Bongata ba dijalo tsa raese di lengwa dibakeng tseo mocheso o leng haufi le sebaka se setle sa kgolo ya dijalo (Shah et al., 2011). Ho tlalehilwe hore mocheso o motle wa motsheare le bosiu bakeng sakholo le nts'etsopele ea raeseka kakaretso ke 28°C le 22°C, ka ho latellana (Kilasi et al., 2018; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021). Dithempereichara tse ka hodima menyako ena di ka baka dinako tsa kgatello ya mocheso o mahareng ho isa ho o matla nakong ya mehato e bonolo ya ntshetsopele ya raese (ho lema, ho hlophiswa ha dimela, ho thunya le ho tlatsa dijo-thollo), ka hona di ama kotulo ya dijo-thollo hampe. Phokotso ena ya kotulo e bakwa haholo ke dinako tse telele tsa kgatello ya mocheso, tse amang fisioloji ya dimela. Ka lebaka la tshebedisano ya mabaka a fapaneng, jwalo ka nako ya kgatello le mocheso o phahameng o fihlelletsweng, kgatello ya mocheso e ka baka tshenyo e ke keng ya kgutliswa metabolismng ya dimela le ntshetsopele.
Khatello ea mocheso e ama mekhoa e fapaneng ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale limela. Setšoantšo sa makhasi ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e kotsing e kholo ea khatello ea mocheso limela tsa raese, kaha sekhahla sa photosynthesis se fokotseha ka 50% ha mocheso oa letsatsi le letsatsi o feta 35°C. Likarabo tsa 'mele tsa limela tsa raese lia fapana ho latela mofuta oa khatello ea mocheso. Mohlala, sekhahla sa photosynthesis le phetisetso ea mala lia thibeloa ha limela li pepesehela mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare (33–40°C) kapa mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare le oa bosiu (35–40°C motšehare, 28–30°C). C e bolela bosiu) (Lü et al., 2013; Fahad et al., 2016; Chaturvedi et al., 2017). Mocheso o phahameng oa bosiu (30°C) o baka thibelo e itekanetseng ea photosynthesis empa o eketsa ho hema bosiu (Fahad et al., 2016; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017). Ho sa tsotelehe nako ea khatello, khatello ea mocheso e boetse e ama boleng ba chlorophyll ea makhasi, karolelano ea fluorescence e feto-fetohang ea chlorophyll ho fluorescence e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea chlorophyll (Fv/Fm), le ts'ebetso ea Rubisco limela tsa raese (Cao et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2010). ) Sanchez Reynoso et al., 2014).
Liphetoho tsa biochemical ke karolo e 'ngoe ea ho ikamahanya le khatello ea mocheso ea limela (Wahid et al., 2007). Bokahare ba proline bo sebelisitsoe e le sesupo sa biochemical sa khatello ea limela (Ahmed le Hassan 2011). Proline e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa metabolism ea limela kaha e sebetsa e le mohloli oa khabone kapa naetrojene le e le stabilizer ea lera tlas'a maemo a mocheso o phahameng (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014). Lithempereichara tse phahameng li boetse li ama botsitso ba lera ka peroxidation ea lipid, e leng se lebisang ho thehoeng ha malondialdehyde (MDA) (Wahid et al., 2007). Ka hona, bokahare ba MDA le bona bo sebelisitsoe ho utloisisa botšepehi ba sebopeho sa lera la sele tlas'a khatello ea mocheso (Cao et al., 2009; Chavez-Arias et al., 2018). Qetellong, khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng [37/30°C (motšehare/bosiu)] e ekelitse peresente ea ho lutla ha electrolyte le bokahare ba malondialdehyde raeseng (Liu et al., 2013).
Tšebeliso ea balaoli ba kholo ea limela (GRs) e hlahlobiloe ho fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa khatello ea mocheso, kaha lintho tsena li ameha ka mafolofolo likarabelong tsa limela kapa mekhoeng ea ts'ireletso ea 'mele khahlanong le khatello e joalo (Peleg le Blumald, 2011; Yin et al. et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2015). Tšebeliso ea mehloli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso kantle ho naha e bile le phello e ntle mamellong ea khatello ea mocheso lijalong tse fapaneng. Lithuto li bontšitse hore li-phytohormone tse kang gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (CK), auxins (AUX) kapa brassinosteroids (BR) li lebisa keketseho ea mefuta e fapaneng ea 'mele le ea biochemical (Peleg le Blumald, 2011; Yin et al. Ren, 2011; Mitler et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2014). Colombia, ts'ebeliso ea mehloli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso kantle ho naha le tšusumetso ea eona lijalong tsa raese ha ea ka ea utloisisoa ka botlalo le ho ithutoa. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso e fetileng e bontshitse hore ho fafatsa BR ka makhasi ho ka ntlafatsa mamello ya raese ka ho ntlafatsa dibopeho tsa phapanyetsano ya kgase, chlorophyll kapa dikahare tsa proline tsa makhasi a dipeo tsa raese (Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021).
Li-cytokinins li thusa ho arabela likhatellong tsa abiotic tsa limela, ho kenyeletsoa le khatello ea mocheso (Ha et al., 2012). Ho phaella moo, ho tlalehiloe hore ts'ebeliso ea CK kantle ho naha e ka fokotsa tšenyo ea mocheso. Mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea zeatin kantle ho naha e ekelitse sekhahla sa photosynthesis, chlorophyll a le b dikahare, le katleho ea ho tsamaisa lielektrone ho creeping bentgrass (Agrotis estolonifera) nakong ea khatello ea mocheso (Xu le Huang, 2009; Jespersen le Huang, 2015). Ts'ebeliso ea zeatin kantle ho naha e ka boela ea ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea antioxidant, ea ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea liprotheine tse fapaneng, ea fokotsa tšenyo ea mefuta ea oksijene e arabelang (ROS) le tlhahiso ea malondialdehyde (MDA) liseleng tsa limela (Chernyadyev, 2009; Yang et al., 2009). , 2016; Kumar et al., 2020).
Tšebeliso ea gibberellic acid e boetse e bontšitse karabelo e ntle khatellong ea mocheso. Lithuto li bontšitse hore GA biosynthesis e buella litsela tse fapaneng tsa metabolism 'me e eketsa mamello tlas'a maemo a mocheso o phahameng (Alonso-Ramirez et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2020). Abdel-Nabi et al. (2020) ba fumane hore ho fafatsa GA ea kantle ho limela (25 kapa 50 mg*L) ho ka eketsa sekhahla sa photosynthesis le ts'ebetso ea antioxidant limela tsa lamunu tse hatelitsoeng ke mocheso ha li bapisoa le limela tse laolang. Ho boetse ho hlokometsoe hore ts'ebeliso ea kantle ho HA e eketsa mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng, chlorophyll le dikahare tsa carotenoid mme e fokotsa peroxidation ea lipid ho palema ea palema (Phoenix dactylifera) tlas'a khatello ea mocheso (Khan et al., 2020). Auxin e boetse e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laoleng likarabelo tsa kholo tse ikamahanyang le maemo a mocheso o phahameng (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016). Taolo ena ea kholo e sebetsa e le letšoao la lik'hemik'hale lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tse kang tlhahiso ea proline kapa ho senyeha ha khatello ea abiotic (Ali et al. 2007). Ho phaella moo, AUX e boetse e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea antioxidant, e leng se lebisang ho fokotseheng ha MDA limela ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha peroxidation ea lipid (Bielach et al., 2017). Sergeev et al. (2018) ba hlokometse hore limela tsa pea (Pisum sativum) tlas'a khatello ea mocheso, litaba tsa proline - dimethylaminoethoxycarbonylmethyl)naphthylchloromethyl ether (TA-14) lia eketseha. Tekong e tšoanang, ba boetse ba bone maemo a tlase a MDA limela tse phekoloang ha a bapisoa le limela tse sa phekoloang ka AUX.
Brassinosteroids ke sehlopha se seng sa balaoli ba kgolo ba sebediswang ho fokotsa ditlamorao tsa kgatello ya mocheso. Ogweno et al. (2008) ba tlalehile hore spray ya BR ya kantle e ekeditse sekgahla sa net photosynthetic, conductance ya stomatal le sekgahla se phahameng sa Rubisco carboxylation ya dimela tsa tamati (Solanum lycopersicum) tse tlasa kgatello ya mocheso ka matsatsi a 8. Ho fafatsa epibrassinosteroids ka makhasi ho ka eketsa sekgahla sa net photosynthetic sa dimela tsa cucumis (Cucumis sativus) tse tlasa kgatello ya mocheso (Yu et al., 2004). Ho phaella moo, tshebediso ya BR ya kantle ho diehisa ho senyeha ha chlorophyll mme e eketsa bokgoni ba tshebediso ya metsi le tlhahiso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya quantum ya photochemistry ya PSII dimeleng tse tlasa kgatello ya mocheso (Holá et al., 2010; Toussagunpanit et al., 2015).
Ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo, lijalo tsa raese li tobana le linako tsa mocheso o phahameng oa letsatsi le letsatsi (Lesk et al., 2016; Garcés, 2020; Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021). Sebakeng sa phenotyping ea limela, tšebeliso ea phytonutrients kapa biostimulants e 'nile ea ithutoa e le leano la ho fokotsa khatello ea mocheso libakeng tse lemang raese (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Ho phaella moo, tshebediso ya diphetoho tsa biochemical le tsa fisioloji (mocheso wa lekhasi, tsamaiso ya stomatal, diparamente tsa fluorescence ya chlorophyll, chlorophyll le dikahare tsa metsi tse amanang, malondialdehyde le tlhahiso ya proline) ke sesebediswa se tshepahalang sa ho hlahloba dimela tsa raese tlasa kgatello ya mocheso sebakeng sa heno le matjhabeng (Sánchez -Reynoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Leha ho le jwalo, dipatlisiso mabapi le tshebediso ya di-spray tsa phytohormone tsa foliar ka raeseng maemong a lehae di ntse di sa tlwaeleha. Ka hona, thuto ya dikarabelo tsa fisioloji le tsa biochemical tsa tshebediso ya balaodi ba kgolo ya dimela e bohlokwa haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso ya maano a sebetsang a temo bakeng sa sena, ho sebetsana le ditlamorao tse mpe tsa nako ya kgatello e rarahaneng ya mocheso ka raeseng. Ka hona, sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho lekola ditlamorao tsa fisioloji (tsamaiso ya stomatal, diparamente tsa fluorescence ya chlorophyll le dikahare tsa metsi tse amanang) le ditlamorao tsa biochemical tsa tshebediso ya foliar ya balaodi ba bane ba kgolo ya dimela (AUX, CK, GA le BR). (Di-pigment tsa Photosynthetic, malondialdehyde le dikahare tsa proline) Mefuta e fapaneng ya dijini tsa raese tsa kgwebo e nang le kgatello e kopaneng ya mocheso (dithempereichara tse phahameng tsa motsheare/bosiu).
Phuputsong ena, ho entsoe liteko tse peli tse ikemetseng. Mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso Federrose 67 (F67: mofuta oa liphatsa tsa lefutso o hlahisitsoeng mochesong o phahameng nakong ea lilemo tse leshome tse fetileng) le Federrose 2000 (F2000: mofuta oa liphatsa tsa lefutso o hlahisitsoeng lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng tsa lekholo la bo20 la lilemo o bontšang ho hanyetsa kokoana-hloko ea makhasi a masoeu) li sebelisitsoe ka lekhetlo la pele. peo. 'me teko ea bobeli, ka ho latellana. Mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka bobeli e lengoa haholo ke balemi ba Colombia. Peo e jetsoe ka har'a literei tsa 10-L (bolelele ba 39.6 cm, bophara ba 28.8 cm, bolelele ba 16.8 cm) e nang le mobu oa lehlabathe o nang le 2% ea lintho tse phelang. Peo tse hlano tse melang pele li ile tsa lengoa ka har'a terei ka 'ngoe. Li-pallet li ile tsa beoa ka har'a ntlo ea limela ea Lefapha la Saense ea Temo la Univesithi ea Naha ea Colombia, khamphase ea Bogotá (43°50′56″ N, 74°04′051″ W), bophahamong ba 2556 m ka holimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle (asl). m.) mme di entswe ho tloha ka Mphalane ho isa Tshitwe 2019. Teko e le nngwe (Federroz 67) le teko ya bobedi (Federroz 2000) sehleng sona seo sa 2020.
Maemo a tikoloho ka har'a sethopo sa limela nakong ea sehla se seng le se seng sa ho lema ke a latelang: mocheso oa motšehare le bosiu 30/25°C, mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng 60~80%, nako ea tlhaho ea photoperiod lihora tse 12 (mahlaseli a sebetsang ka photosynthetically 1500 µmol (photons) m-2 s-). 1 motšehare). Limela li ile tsa nontšoa ho latela litaba tsa karolo ka 'ngoe matsatsi a 20 kamora ho hlaha ha peo (DAE), ho ea ka Sánchez-Reinoso et al. (2019): 670 mg ea naetrojene ka semela, 110 mg ea phosphorus ka semela, 350 mg ea potassium ka semela, 68 mg ea calcium ka semela, 20 mg ea magnesium ka semela, 20 mg ea sebabole ka semela, 17 mg ea silicon ka semela. Limela li na le 10 mg ea boron ka semela, 17 mg ea koporo ka semela, le 44 mg ea zinki ka semela. Limela tsa raese li ile tsa bolokoa ho fihlela ho 47 DAE tekong ka 'ngoe ha li fihla mohatong oa phenological V5 nakong ena. Lithuto tse fetileng li bontšitse hore mohato ona oa phenological ke nako e loketseng ea ho etsa lithuto tsa khatello ea mocheso raeseng (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017).
Tekong ka 'ngoe, ho ile ha etsoa lits'ebetso tse peli tse arohaneng tsa taolo ea kholo ea makhasi. Sete ea pele ea li-spray tsa phytohormone tsa makhasi e ile ea sebelisoa matsatsi a 5 pele ho kalafo ea khatello ea mocheso (42 DAE) ho lokisetsa limela khatello ea tikoloho. Spray ea bobeli ea makhasi e ile ea fanoa matsatsi a 5 kamora hore limela li pepesehele maemo a khatello (52 DAE). Ho ile ha sebelisoa li-phytohormone tse 'ne 'me litšobotsi tsa motsoako o mong le o mong o sebetsang o fafalitsoeng thutong ena li thathamisitsoe ho Lethathamo la Tlatsetso la 1. Maqhubu a balaoli ba kholo ea makhasi a sebelisitsoeng e ne e le a latelang: (i) Auxin (1-naphthylacetic acid: NAA) ka har'a khatello ea 5 × 10−5 M (ii) 5 × 10–5 M gibberellin (gibberellic acid: NAA); GA3); (iii) Cytokinin (trans-zeatin) 1 × 10-5 M (iv) Brassinosteroids [Spirostan-6-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-, (3b,5a,25R)] 5 × 10-5; M. Maqhubu ana a kgethilwe hobane a baka dikarabelo tse ntle mme a eketsa ho hanyetsa dimela kgatellong ya mocheso (Zahir et al., 2001; Wen et al., 2010; El-Bassiony et al., 2012; Salehifar et al., 2017). Dimela tsa raese tse se nang di-spray tsa taolo ya kgolo ya dimela di ile tsa phekolwa ka metsi a hlwekisitsweng feela. Dimela tsohle tsa raese di ile tsa fafatswa ka sprayer ya letsoho. Tlotsa 20 ml H2O semeleng ho kolobisa bokahodimo le bo ka tlase ba mahlaku. Di-spray tsohle tsa foliar di sebedisitse adjuvant ya temo (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Colombia) ho 0.1% (v/v). Sebaka se pakeng tsa pitsa le sprayer ke 30 cm.
Kalafo ea khatello ea mocheso e ile ea fanoa matsatsi a 5 kamora ho fafatsa makhasi a pele (47 DAE) tekong ka 'ngoe. Limela tsa raese li ile tsa fetisetsoa ho tloha setšeng sa limela ho ea kamoreng ea kholo ea 294 L (MLR-351H, Sanyo, IL, USA) ho theha khatello ea mocheso kapa ho boloka maemo a tšoanang a tikoloho (47 DAE). Kalafo e kopaneng ea khatello ea mocheso e entsoe ka ho beha kamore mochesong o latelang oa motšehare/bosiu: mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare [40°C ka lihora tse 5 (ho tloha ka 11:00 ho isa ho 16:00)] le nako ea bosiu [30°C ka lihora tse 5]. Matsatsi a 8 ka tatellano (ho tloha ka 19:00 ho isa ho 24:00). Mocheso oa khatello le nako ea ho pepesehela limela li khethiloe ho latela lithuto tse fetileng (Sánchez-Reynoso et al. 2014; Alvarado-Sanabía et al. 2017). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sehlopha sa dimela tse fetiseditsweng kamoreng ya kgolo se ile sa bolokwa ka hara ntlo ya dimela mochesong o tshwanang (30°C motsheare/25°C bosiu) ka matsatsi a 8 a latellanang.
Qetellong ea teko, lihlopha tse latelang tsa kalafo li ile tsa fumanoa: (i) boemo ba mocheso oa kholo + tšebeliso ea metsi a hloekisitsoeng [Taolo e felletseng (AC)], (ii) boemo ba khatello ea mocheso + tšebeliso ea metsi a hloekisitsoeng [Taolo ea khatello ea mocheso (SC)], (iii) maemo boemo ba khatello ea mocheso + ts'ebeliso ea auxin (AUX), (iv) boemo ba khatello ea mocheso + ts'ebeliso ea gibberellin (GA), (v) boemo ba khatello ea mocheso + ts'ebeliso ea cytokinin (CK), le (vi) boemo ba khatello ea mocheso + brassinosteroid (BR) Sehlomathiso. Lihlopha tsena tsa kalafo li sebelisitsoe bakeng sa mefuta e 'meli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (F67 le F2000). Liphekolo tsohle li entsoe ka moralo o sa reroang ka botlalo ka likopi tse hlano, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e entsoe ka semela se le seng. Semela se seng le se seng se ile sa sebelisoa ho bala liphetoho tse khethiloeng qetellong ea teko. Teko e nkile 55 DAE.
Ho tsamaisoa ha mali ka mpeng (gs) ho lekantsoe ho sebelisoa porosometer e nkehang habobebe (SC-1, METER Group Inc., USA) ho tloha ho 0 ho isa ho 1000 mmol m-2 s-1, ka lesoba la kamore ea sampole la 6.35 mm. Litekanyo li nkuoa ka ho hokela probe ea stomameter lekhasing le hōlileng ka letlobo le ka sehloohong la semela le atolositsoeng ka botlalo. Bakeng sa kalafo ka 'ngoe, lipalo tsa gs li nkiloe makhasing a mararo a semela ka seng pakeng tsa 11:00 le 16:00 'me li lekanngoa ka karolelano.
RWC e ile ea fumanoa ho latela mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ke Ghoulam et al. (2002). Leqephe le atolositsoeng ka botlalo le sebelisitsoeng ho fumana g le lona le ile la sebelisoa ho lekanya RWC. Boima bo bocha (FW) bo ile ba fumanoa hang ka mor'a kotulo ho sebelisoa sekala sa dijithale. Makhasi a ile a beoa ka setshelong sa polasetiki se tletseng metsi 'me a siuoa lefifing mochesong oa kamore (22°C) ka lihora tse 48. Ebe o bekha sekala sa dijithale 'me o tlalehe boima bo atolositsoeng (TW). Makhasi a ruruhileng a ile a omisoa ka ontong ho 75°C ka lihora tse 48 'me boima ba 'ona bo ommeng (DW) bo ile ba tlalehoa.
Bongata ba chlorophyll bo amanang bo ile ba fumanoa ka ho sebedisa mithara ya chlorophyll (atLeafmeter, FT Green LLC, USA) mme ba bontshwa ka diyuniti tsa atLeaf (Dey et al., 2016). Dipalo tsa PSII tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa bokgoni ba quantum (karolelano ya Fv/Fm) di ile tsa rekotwa ho sebediswa fluorimeter ya chlorophyll e tswelang pele (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments, UK). Makhasi a ile a fetolwa ka lefifi ka ho sebedisa di-clamp tsa mahlaku metsotso e 20 pele ho ditekanyo tsa Fv/Fm (Restrepo-Diaz le Garces-Varon, 2013). Kamora hore mahlaku a be lefifi, motheo (F0) le fluorescence e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (Fm) di ile tsa lekanngwa. Ho tsoa ho data ena, ho baloa ha khanya e feto-fetohang (Fv = Fm – F0), karolelano ea khanya e feto-fetohang ho khanya e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (Fv/Fm), chai e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea quantum ea photochemistry ea PSII (Fv/F0) le karolelano ea Fm/F0 (Baker, 2008; Lee et al. ., 2017). Litekanyo tsa khanya ea chlorophyll le chlorophyll tse amanang le tsona li nkiloe makhasing a tšoanang a sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa litekanyo tsa gs.
Hoo e ka bang 800 mg ea boima ba makhasi a macha e ile ea bokelloa e le lintho tse fetohang tsa biochemical. Lisampole tsa makhasi li ile tsa fetoloa ho ba karolo e le 'ngoe ka naetrojene e metsi 'me tsa bolokoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng. Mokhoa oa spectrometric o sebelisitsoeng ho hakanya bokahare ba chlorophyll a, b le carotenoid ea lisele o ipapisitse le mokhoa le li-equation tse hlalositsoeng ke Wellburn (1994). Lisampole tsa makhasi (30 mg) li ile tsa bokelloa 'me tsa fetoloa ho ba karolo e le 'ngoe ka 3 ml ea 80% ea acetone. Lisampole li ile tsa kenngoa ka centrifuge (mohlala 420101, Becton Dickinson Primary Care Diagnostics, USA) ka 5000 rpm metsotso e 10 ho tlosa likaroloana. Supernatant e ile ea hlapolloa ho ba bophahamo ba ho qetela ba 6 ml ka ho eketsa 80% ea acetone (Sims le Gamon, 2002). Dikahare tsa chlorophyll di ile tsa lekanyetswa ho 663 (chlorophyll a) le 646 (chlorophyll b) nm, mme di-carotenoids ho 470 nm ho sebediswa spectrophotometer (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-vis, Thermo, USA).
Mokhoa oa thiobarbituric acid (TBA) o hlalositsoeng ke Hodges et al. (1999) o sebelisitsoe ho lekola peroxidation ea lipid ea membrane (MDA). Hoo e ka bang 0.3 g ea lisele tsa makhasi le eona e ile ea etsoa hore e be homogenized ka naetrojene e metsi. Lisampole li ile tsa kenngoa ka centrifuge ka 5000 rpm 'me monya o ile oa lekanngoa ka spectrophotometer ho 440, 532 le 600 nm. Qetellong, mahloriso a MDA a ile a baloa ho sebelisoa coefficient ea ho fela (157 M mL−1).
Bongata ba proline ba mekhoa eohle ea phekolo bo ile ba fumanoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ke Bates et al. (1973). Kenya 10 ml ea tharollo ea metsi ea 3% ea sulfosalicylic acid sampole e bolokiloeng 'me u e sefe ka pampiri ea sefe ea Whatman (No. 2). Ebe 2 ml ea sefa sena e ile ea arajoa ka 2 ml ea ninhydric acid le 2 ml ea glacial acetic acid. Motsoako o ile oa beoa ka bateng ea metsi ka 90°C ka hora e le 'ngoe. Emisa karabelo ka ho e kenya leqhoeng. Sisinya tube ka matla u sebelisa sehatsetsi sa vortex 'me u qhale tharollo e hlahisoang ka 4 ml ea toluene. Litekanyo tsa ho monya li ile tsa fumanoa ho 520 nm ho sebelisoa spectrophotometer e tšoanang e sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa ho lekanya li-pigment tsa photosynthetic (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-Vis, Thermo, Madison, WI, USA).
Mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ke Gerhards et al. (2016) ho bala mocheso oa canopy le CSI. Lifoto tsa mocheso li nkiloe ka khamera ea FLIR 2 (FLIR Systems Inc., Boston, MA, USA) ka ho nepahala ha ±2°C qetellong ea nako ea khatello. Beha sebaka se sesoeu ka mor'a semela bakeng sa ho nka lifoto. Hape, lifeme tse peli li ile tsa nkoa e le mehlala ea litšupiso. Limela li ile tsa beoa holim'a sebaka se sesoeu; e 'ngoe e ne e koahetsoe ka sesebelisoa sa temo (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Bogotá, Colombia) ho etsisa ho buloa ha stomata eohle [mokhoa oa ho koloba (Twet)], 'me e 'ngoe e ne e le lekhasi le se nang ts'ebeliso [Mokhoa oa ho oma (Tdry)] (Castro -Duque et al., 2020). Sebaka se pakeng tsa khamera le pitsa nakong ea ho nkuoa filimi e ne e le 1 m.
Lenane la mamello e amanang le lona le baliloe ka tsela e sa tobang ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa mali ka mpeng (gs) ea limela tse phekoloang ha ho bapisoa le limela tsa taolo (limela tse se nang kalafo ea khatello ea maikutlo le tse nang le balaoli ba kholo ba sebelisitsoeng) ho fumana mamello ea li-genotype tse phekoloang tse hlahlobiloeng thutong ena. RTI e fumanoe ho sebelisoa equation e fetotsoeng ho tsoa ho Chávez-Arias et al. (2020).
Tekong ka 'ngoe, mefuta eohle ea 'mele e boletsoeng ka holimo e ile ea fumanoa le ho tlalehoa ho 55 DAE ho sebelisoa makhasi a atolositsoeng ka botlalo a bokelletsoeng ho tloha sekoahelong se ka holimo. Ho phaella moo, litekanyo li entsoe ka kamoreng ea kholo ho qoba ho fetola maemo a tikoloho ao limela li melang ho 'ona.
Lintlha tse tsoang litekong tsa pele le tsa bobeli li ile tsa hlahlojoa hammoho e le letoto la liteko. Sehlopha se seng le se seng sa liteko se ne se entsoe ka limela tse 5, 'me semela se seng le se seng se ne se etsa yuniti ea liteko. Tlhahlobo ea phapang (ANOVA) e entsoe (P ≤ 0.05). Ha ho fumanoa liphapang tse kholo, teko ea ho bapisa ea Tukey ea post hoc e ile ea sebelisoa ho P ≤ 0.05. Sebelisa mosebetsi oa arcsine ho fetola boleng ba peresente. Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa software ea Statistix v 9.0 (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL, USA) 'me tsa raloa ho sebelisoa SigmaPlot (mofuta oa 10.0; Systat Software, San Jose, CA, USA). Tlhahlobo ea likarolo tse kholo e entsoe ho sebelisoa software ea InfoStat 2016 (Analysis Software, National University of Cordoba, Argentina) ho khetholla balaoli ba kholo ea limela ba molemo ka ho fetisisa ba ntseng ba ithutoa.
Tafole ea 1 e akaretsa ANOVA e bonts'ang liteko, mekhoa e fapaneng ea phekolo, le likamano tsa tsona le mebala ea makhasi a photosynthetic (chlorophyll a, b, kakaretso, le carotenoids), malondialdehyde (MDA) le dikahare tsa proline, le tsamaiso ea stomatal. Phello ea gs, dikahare tsa metsi a amanang. (RWC), dikahare tsa chlorophyll, diparamitha tsa chlorophyll alpha fluorescence, mocheso oa moqhaka (PCT) (°C), index ea khatello ea lijalo (CSI) le index ea mamello e amanang ea limela tsa raese ho 55 DAE.
Tafole ea 1. Kakaretso ea lintlha tsa ANOVA mabapi le li-variable tsa fisioloji le tsa biochemical tsa raese pakeng tsa liteko (li-genotype) le mekhoa ea phekolo ea khatello ea mocheso.
Phapang (P≤0.01) likamanong tsa 'mala oa makhasi a photosynthetic pigment, tekanyo ea chlorophyll e amanang (lipalo tsa Atleaf), le litekanyo tsa fluorescence tsa alpha-chlorophyll lipakeng tsa liteko le mekhoa ea phekolo li bontšoa ho Tafole ea 2. Lithempereichara tse phahameng tsa motšehare le bosiu li ekelitse kakaretso ea chlorophyll le carotenoid. Lipeo tsa raese tse se nang spray ea makhasi ea phytohormones (2.36 mg g-1 bakeng sa "F67″ le 2.56 mg g-1 bakeng sa "F2000″)) ha li bapisoa le limela tse holisitsoeng tlas'a maemo a mocheso o motle (2.67 mg g -1)) li bontšitse kakaretso e tlase ea chlorophyll. Litekong ka bobeli, "F67" e ne e le 2.80 mg g-1 'me "F2000" e ne e le 2.80 mg g-1. Ho phaella moo, dipeo tsa raese tse phekotsweng ka motswako wa di-spray tsa AUX le GA tlasa kgatello ya mocheso le tsona di bontshitse phokotseho ya dikahare tsa chlorophyll ho di-genotype ka bobedi (AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 le GA = 1.45 mg g-1 bakeng sa “F67”; AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 le GA = 1.45 mg g-1 bakeng sa “F67″; AUX = 2.24 mg) g-1 le GA = 1.43 mg g-1 (bakeng sa “F2000″) tlasa maemo a kgatello ya mocheso. Tlas'a maemo a kgatello ya mocheso, kalafo ya foliar ka BR e bakile keketseho e nyane ya phetoho ena ho di-genotype ka bobedi. Qetellong, spray ya foliar ya CK e bontshitse boleng bo hodimo ba pigment ya photosynthetic hara diphekolo tsohle (AUX, GA, BR, SC le AC) ho di-genotype tsa F67 (3.24 mg g-1) le F2000 (3.65 mg g-1). Tekanyo e lekanyelitsoeng ea chlorophyll (yuniti ea Atleaf) le eona e fokotsehile ka khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso. Litekanyetso tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa li boetse li tlalehiloe limela tse fafalitsoeng ka CC ho li-genotype ka bobeli (41.66 bakeng sa "F67" le 49.30 bakeng sa "F2000"). Litekanyetso tsa Fv le Fv/Fm li bontšitse liphapang tse kholo lipakeng tsa kalafo le mefuta ea limela (Tafole ea 2). Ka kakaretso, har'a mefuta ena e fapaneng, mofuta oa F67 o ne o sa angoa habonolo ke khatello ea mocheso ho feta mofuta oa F2000. Litekanyetso tsa Fv le Fv/Fm li ile tsa senyeha haholo tekong ea bobeli. Lipeo tse hatelletsoeng tsa 'F2000' tse sa fafatsoang ka li-phytohormone li ne li e-na le litekanyetso tse tlase ka ho fetisisa tsa Fv (2120.15) le litekanyo tsa Fv/Fm (0.59), empa ho fafatsa makhasi ka CK ho thusitse ho khutlisa litekanyetso tsena (Fv: 2591, 89, karolelano ea Fv/Fm: 0.73). , ho fumana dipalo tse tshwanang le tse rekotilweng dimeleng tsa “F2000” tse hodisitsweng tlasa maemo a mocheso o motle (Fv: 2955.35, karolelano ya Fv/Fm: 0.73:0.72). Ho ne ho se na dipharologanyo tse kgolo ho fluorescence ya pele (F0), fluorescence e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (Fm), tlhahiso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya photochemical quantum ya PSII (Fv/F0) le karolelano ya Fm/F0. Qetellong, BR e bontshitse mokgwa o tshwanang jwalo ka ha ho bontshitswe ka CK (Fv 2545.06, karolelano ya Fv/Fm 0.73).
Tafole ea 2. Phello ea khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng (40°/30°C motšehare/bosiu) holim'a mebala ea makhasi a photosynthetic [klorophyll eohle (Chl Kakaretso), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) le carotenoids Cx+c] phello ], tekanyo ea chlorophyll e amanang (Atliff unit), liparamente tsa chlorophyll fluorescence (fluorescence ea pele (F0), fluorescence e phahameng (Fm), fluorescence e feto-fetohang (Fv), katleho e phahameng ea PSII (Fv/Fm), chai e phahameng ea quantum ea photochemical ea PSII (Fv/F0 ) le Fm/F0 limela tsa genotype tse peli tsa raese [Federrose 67 (F67) le Federrose 2000 (F2000)] matsatsi a 55 kamora ho hlaha (DAE)).
Boleng ba metsi bo amanang (RWC) ba dimela tsa raese tse phekotsweng ka tsela e fapaneng bo bontshitse diphapang (P ≤ 0.05) tshebedisanong pakeng tsa kalafo ya teko le ya makhasi (Setshwantsho sa 1A). Ha e phekolwa ka SA, boleng bo tlase ka ho fetisisa bo ile ba tlalehwa bakeng sa di-genotype ka bobedi (74.01% bakeng sa F67 le 76.6% bakeng sa F2000). Tlas'a maemo a kgatello ya mocheso, RWC ya dimela tsa raese tsa di-genotype ka bobedi tse phekotsweng ka di-phytohormone tse fapaneng e ile ya eketseha haholo. Ka kakaretso, tshebediso ya makhasi ya CK, GA, AUX, kapa BR e ekeditse RWC ho ya boleng bo tshwanang le ba dimela tse hodisitsweng tlasa maemo a matle nakong ya teko. Taolo e felletseng le dimela tse fafaditsweng ka makhasi di tlalehile boleng ba hoo e ka bang 83% bakeng sa di-genotype ka bobedi. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, gs le yona e bontshitse diphapang tse kgolo (P ≤ 0.01) tshebedisanong ya teko le kalafo (Setshwantsho sa 1B). Semela sa taolo e felletseng (AC) le sona se tlalehile boleng bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa mofuta ka mong wa genotype (440.65 mmol m-2s-1 bakeng sa F67 le 511.02 mmol m-2s-1 bakeng sa F2000). Dimela tsa raese tse ileng tsa tobana le kgatello e kopaneng ya mocheso feela di bontshitse boleng bo tlase ka ho fetisisa ba gs bakeng sa mefuta ka bobedi ya genotype (150.60 mmol m-2s-1 bakeng sa F67 le 171.32 mmol m-2s-1 bakeng sa F2000). Kalafo ya makhasi ka balaodi bohle ba kgolo ya dimela le yona e eketsehile g. Dimeleng tsa raese tsa F2000 tse fafaditsweng ka CC, phello ya ho fafatsa makhasi ka di-phytohormone e ne e totobetse haholoanyane. Sehlopha sena sa dimela ha se a ka sa bontsha diphapang ha se bapiswa le dimela tsa taolo e felletseng (AC 511.02 le CC 499.25 mmol m-2s-1).
Setšoantšo sa 1. Phello ea khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng (40°/30°C motšehare/bosiu) holim'a metsi a amanang (RWC) (A), tsamaiso ea stomatal (gs) (B), tlhahiso ea malondialdehyde (MDA) (C), le litaba tsa proline. (D) limela tsa mefuta e 'meli ea raese (F67 le F2000) matsatsing a 55 kamora ho hlaha (DAE). Liphekolo tse lekotsoeng bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa geno li kenyelelitsoe: taolo e felletseng (AC), taolo ea khatello ea mocheso (SC), khatello ea mocheso + auxin (AUX), khatello ea mocheso + gibberellin (GA), khatello ea mocheso + cell mitogen (CK), le khatello ea mocheso + brassinosteroid. (BR). Kholomo ka 'ngoe e emela phoso e tloaelehileng ea ± ea lintlha tse hlano tsa data (n = 5). Likholomo tse lateloang ke litlhaku tse fapaneng li bontša liphapang tsa bohlokoa tsa lipalo ho latela teko ea Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Litlhaku tse nang le letšoao le lekanang li bontša hore karolelano ha e bohlokoa ka lipalo (≤ 0.05).
Dikahare tsa MDA (P ≤ 0.01) le proline (P ≤ 0.01) le tsona di bontshitse dipharologanyo tse kgolo tshebedisanong pakeng tsa diteko le kalafo ya phytohormone (Setshwantsho sa 1C, D). Keketseho ya peroxidation ya lipid e bontshitswe ka kalafo ya SC ho di-genotype ka bobedi (Setshwantsho sa 1C), leha ho le jwalo dimela tse phekolwang ka spray ya taolo ya kgolo ya makhasi di bontshitse phokotseho ya peroxidation ya lipid ho di-genotype ka bobedi; Ka kakaretso, tshebediso ya di-phytohormone (CA, AUC, BR kapa GA) e lebisa phokotsehong ya peroxidation ya lipid (dikahare tsa MDA). Ha ho na dipharologanyo tse fumanweng pakeng tsa dimela tsa AC tsa di-genotype tse pedi le dimela tse tlasa kgatello ya mocheso mme tsa fafatswa ka di-phytohormone (ho hlokometswe boleng ba FW dimeleng tsa "F67" bo tloha ho 4.38–6.77 µmol g-1, mme dimeleng tsa FW "F2000" "di hlokometse boleng bo tloha ho 2.84 ho isa ho 9.18 µmol g-1 (dimela). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tlhahiso ya proline dimeleng tsa "F67" e ne e le tlase ho feta dimeleng tsa "F2000" tse tlasa kgatello e kopaneng, e leng se ileng sa lebisa keketsehong ya tlhahiso ya proline. dimeleng tsa raese tse hatelletsoeng ke mocheso, ditekong ka bobedi, ho ile ha bonwa hore tsamaiso ya dihormone tsena e ekeditse haholo dikahare tsa amino acid tsa dimela tsa F2000 (AUX le BR e ne e le 30.44 le 18.34 µmol g-1) ka ho latellana (Setshwantsho sa 1G).
Litlamorao tsa spray ea taolo ea kholo ea limela tsa makhasi le khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso mochesong oa canopy ea limela le index ea mamello e amanang (RTI) li bontšoa ho Setšoantšo sa 2A le sa B. Bakeng sa mefuta ka bobeli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, mocheso oa canopy oa limela tsa AC o ne o le haufi le 27°C, 'me oa limela tsa SC o ne o le haufi le 28°C. WITH. Ho boetse ho hlokometsoe hore kalafo ea makhasi ka CK le BR e bakile phokotseho ea 2–3°C mochesong oa canopy ha e bapisoa le limela tsa SC (Setšoantšo sa 2A). RTI e bontšitse boitšoaro bo tšoanang le mefuta e meng ea fisioloji, e bonts'a liphapang tse kholo (P ≤ 0.01) tšebelisanong lipakeng tsa teko le kalafo (Setšoantšo sa 2B). Limela tsa SC li bontšitse mamello e tlase ea limela ho mefuta ka bobeli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (34.18% le 33.52% bakeng sa limela tsa raese tsa "F67" le "F2000", ka ho latellana). Ho fepa limela tsa phytohormones ka makhasi ho ntlafatsa RTI limela tse pepesehetseng khatello e phahameng ea mocheso. Phello ena e ile ea bonahala haholo limela tsa "F2000" tse fafalitsoeng ka CC, moo RTI e neng e le 97.69. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liphapang tse kholo li ile tsa bonoa feela ho index ea khatello ea yield (CSI) ea limela tsa raese tlas'a maemo a khatello ea spray ea foliar factor (P ≤ 0.01) (Setšoantšo sa 2B). Ke limela tsa raese feela tse ileng tsa ba tlas'a khatello e rarahaneng ea mocheso tse bontšitseng boleng bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba index ea khatello (0.816). Ha limela tsa raese li ne li fafatsoa ka li-phytohormone tse fapaneng, index ea khatello e ne e le tlase (boleng ho tloha ho 0.6 ho isa ho 0.67). Qetellong, semela sa raese se holisitsoeng tlas'a maemo a matle se ne se e-na le boleng ba 0.138.
Setšoantšo sa 2. Litlamorao tsa khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso (40°/30°C motšehare/bosiu) mochesong oa canopy (A), index ea mamello e amanang (RTI) (B), le index ea khatello ea lijalo (CSI) (C) ea mefuta e 'meli ea limela. Mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa raese ea khoebo (F67 le F2000) e ile ea etsoa kalafo e fapaneng ea mocheso. Liphekolo tse lekotsoeng bakeng sa mofuta ka mong oa genotype li kenyelelitse: taolo e felletseng (AC), taolo ea khatello ea mocheso (SC), khatello ea mocheso + auxin (AUX), khatello ea mocheso + gibberellin (GA), khatello ea mocheso + cell mitogen (CK), le khatello ea mocheso + brassinosteroid. (BR). Khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso e kenyelletsa ho pepesetsa limela tsa raese mochesong o phahameng oa motšehare/bosiu (40°/30°C motšehare/bosiu). Kholomo ka 'ngoe e emela phoso e tloaelehileng ea ± ea lintlha tse hlano tsa data (n = 5). Likholomo tse lateloang ke litlhaku tse fapaneng li bontša liphapang tsa bohlokoa tsa lipalo ho latela teko ea Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Litlhaku tse nang le letšoao le lekanang li bontša hore karolelano ha e bohlokoa ka lipalo-palo (≤ 0.05).
Tlhahlobo ea likarolo tse ka sehloohong (PCA) e senotse hore liphetoho tse hlahlobiloeng ho 55 DAE li hlalositse 66.1% ea likarabo tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa limela tsa raese tse hatelitsoeng ke mocheso tse phekoloang ka spray ea taolo ea kholo (Setšoantšo sa 3). Li-vector li emela liphetoho 'me matheba a emela balaoli ba kholo ea limela (GRs). Li-vector tsa gs, chlorophyll content, maximum quantum efficiency ea PSII (Fv/Fm) le liparamente tsa 'mele (TChl, MDA le proline) li haufi le tšimoloho, e leng se bontšang kamano e phahameng pakeng tsa boitšoaro ba 'mele ba limela le tsona. phetoho. Sehlopha se seng (V) se ne se kenyelletsa lipeo tsa raese tse holisitsoeng mochesong o motle (AT) le limela tsa F2000 tse phekoloang ka CK le BA. Ka nako e ts'oanang, boholo ba limela tse phekoloang ka GR li thehile sehlopha se arohaneng (IV), 'me kalafo ka GA ho F2000 e thehile sehlopha se arohaneng (II). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lipeo tsa raese tse hatelletsoeng ke mocheso (lihlopha tsa I le tsa III) ntle le ho fafatsa li-phytohormones tsa makhasi (li-genotype ka bobeli e ne e le SC) li ne li le sebakeng se fapaneng le sehlopha sa V, e leng se bontšang phello ea khatello ea mocheso holim'a 'mele oa limela.
Setšoantšo sa 3. Tlhahlobo ea pale ea liphello tsa khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng (40°/30°C motšehare/bosiu) limela tsa mefuta e 'meli ea raese (F67 le F2000) matsatsing a 55 kamora ho hlaha (DAE). Likhutsufatso: AC F67, taolo e felletseng F67; SC F67, taolo ea khatello ea mocheso F67; AUX F67, khatello ea mocheso + auxin F67; GA F67, khatello ea mocheso + gibberellin F67; CK F67, khatello ea mocheso + karohano ea sele BR F67, khatello ea mocheso + brassinosteroid. F67; AC F2000, taolo e felletseng F2000; SC F2000, Taolo ea Khatello ea Mocheso F2000; AUX F2000, khatello ea mocheso + auxin F2000; GA F2000, khatello ea mocheso + gibberellin F2000; CK F2000, kgatello ya mocheso + cytokinin, BR F2000, kgatello ya mocheso + steroid ya koporo; F2000.
Diphetoho tse kang dikahare tsa chlorophyll, tsamaiso ya stomatal, karolelano ya Fv/Fm, CSI, MDA, RTI le dikahare tsa proline di ka thusa ho utlwisisa ho ikamahanya ha dijini tsa raese le ho lekola tshusumetso ya maano a temo tlasa kgatello ya mocheso (Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Morero wa teko ena e ne e le ho lekola phello ya tshebediso ya balaodi ba bane ba kgolo hodima diparamente tsa mmele le tsa biochemical tsa dipeo tsa raese tlasa maemo a rarahaneng a kgatello ya mocheso. Teko ya dipeo ke mokgwa o bonolo le o potlakileng wa ho lekola dimela tsa raese ka nako e le nngwe ho latela boholo kapa boemo ba meralo ya motheo e fumanehang (Sarsu et al. 2018). Diphetho tsa phuputso ena di bontshitse hore kgatello e kopaneng ya mocheso e baka dikarabelo tse fapaneng tsa mmele le tsa biochemical mefuteng e mmedi ya dijini tsa raese, e leng se bontshang tshebetso ya ho ikamahanya le maemo. Liphetho tsena li boetse li bontša hore li-spray tsa taolo ea kholo ea makhasi (haholo-holo li-cytokinins le li-brassinosteroids) li thusa raese ho ikamahanya le khatello e rarahaneng ea mocheso kaha kamohelo e ama haholo-holo gs, RWC, karolelano ea Fv/Fm, li-pigment tsa photosynthetic le litaba tsa proline.
Tšebeliso ea balaoli ba kholo e thusa ho ntlafatsa boemo ba metsi ba limela tsa raese tlas'a khatello ea mocheso, e leng se ka 'nang sa amahanngoa le khatello e phahameng le mocheso o tlase oa limela tsa canopy. Phuputso ena e bontšitse hore har'a limela tsa "F2000" (genotype e ka 'nang ea angoa ke ho bola), limela tsa raese tse phekoloang haholo-holo ka CK kapa BR li ne li e-na le boleng bo phahameng ba gs le boleng bo tlase ba PCT ho feta limela tse phekoloang ka SC. Lithuto tse fetileng li boetse li bontšitse hore gs le PCT ke matšoao a nepahetseng a fisioloji a ka khethollang karabelo e ikamahanyang le maemo ea limela tsa raese le liphello tsa maano a temo khatellong ea mocheso (Restrepo-Diaz le Garces-Varon, 2013; Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero). -Carr DeLong et al., 2021). Leaf CK kapa BR e ntlafatsa g tlas'a khatello hobane lihormone tsena tsa limela li ka khothaletsa ho buleha ha stomatal ka likamano tsa maiketsetso le limolek'hule tse ling tsa lipontšo tse kang ABA (mohlohlelletsi oa ho koaloa ha stomatal tlas'a khatello ea abiotic) (Macková et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013). 2013). ). , 2014). Ho buleha ha mpa ho kgothaletsa ho phodisa ha makhasi mme ho thusa ho fokotsa mocheso wa sekwahelo (Sonjaroon et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Ka mabaka ana, mocheso wa sekwahelo wa dimela tsa raese tse fafaditsweng ka CK kapa BR o ka ba tlase tlasa kgatello e kopaneng ya mocheso.
Khatello e phahameng ea mocheso e ka fokotsa palo ea 'mala oa makhasi a nang le photosynthesis (Chen et al., 2017; Ahammed et al., 2018). Phuputsong ena, ha limela tsa raese li ne li le tlas'a khatello ea mocheso 'me li sa fafatsoe ka balaoli ba kholo ea limela, mebala ea photosynthesis e ne e sekamela ho fokotseha ho mefuta ka bobeli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (Tafole ea 2). Feng et al. (2013) le bona ba tlalehile phokotseho e kholo ea palo ea chlorophyll makhasing a mefuta e 'meli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa koro tse pepesetsoeng khatello ea mocheso. Ho pepesehela mocheso o phahameng hangata ho fella ka ho fokotseha ha palo ea chlorophyll, e ka bakoang ke ho fokotseha ha biosynthesis ea chlorophyll, ho senyeha ha mebala, kapa liphello tsa tsona tse kopaneng tlas'a khatello ea mocheso (Fahad et al., 2017). Leha ho le joalo, limela tsa raese tse phekoloang haholo-holo ka CK le BA li ekelitse khatello ea mebala ea makhasi a nang le photosynthesis tlas'a khatello ea mocheso. Liphetho tse tšoanang le tsona li tlalehiloe ke Jespersen le Huang (2015) le Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), ea boneng keketseho ea chlorophyll ea makhasi ka mor'a ho sebelisoa ha lihormone tsa zeatin le epibrassinosteroid ka har'a bentgrass e hatelletsoeng ke mocheso le raese, ka ho latellana. Tlhaloso e utloahalang ea hore na ke hobane'ng ha CK le BR li khothalletsa keketseho ea chlorophyll ea makhasi tlas'a khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso ke hore CK e ka ntlafatsa ho qalisoa ha tlhahiso e tsoelang pele ea li-promoter tsa polelo (joalo ka promoter e sebetsang ea botsofali (SAG12) kapa promoter ea HSP18) le ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea chlorophyll makhasing. , ho liehisa botsofali ba makhasi le ho eketsa ho hanyetsa ha limela mochesong (Liu et al., 2020). BR e ka sireletsa chlorophyll ea makhasi le ho eketsa bongata ba chlorophyll ea makhasi ka ho kenya tšebetsong kapa ho susumetsa tlhahiso ea li-enzyme tse amehang ho chlorophyll biosynthesis tlas'a maemo a khatello (Sharma et al., 2017; Siddiqui et al., 2018). Qetellong, li-phytohormone tse peli (CK le BR) le tsona li khothalletsa tlhahiso ea liprotheine tsa ho tšoha ha mocheso le ho ntlafatsa mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho ikamahanya le maemo a metabolism, joalo ka ho eketseha ha chlorophyll biosynthesis (Sharma et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020).
Diparamithara tsa fluorescence tsa Chlorophyll di fana ka mokgwa o potlakileng le o sa senyeheng o ka lekolang mamello ya dimela kapa ho ikamahanya le maemo a kgatello ya abiotic (Chaerle et al. 2007; Kalaji et al. 2017). Diparamithara tse kang karolelano ya Fv/Fm di sebedisitswe e le matshwao a ho ikamahanya le maemo a kgatello ya dimela (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017; Chavez-Arias et al. 2020). Thutong ena, dimela tsa SC di bontshitse boleng bo tlase ka ho fetisisa ba phetoho ena, haholo-holo dimela tsa raese tsa "F2000". Yin et al. (2010) le bona ba fumane hore karolelano ya Fv/Fm ya mahlaku a raese a hodimo ka ho fetisisa a ho lema e fokotsehile haholo mochesong o ka hodimo ho 35°C. Ho ya ka Feng et al. (2013), karolelano e tlase ya Fv/Fm tlasa kgatello ya mocheso e bontsha hore sekgahla sa ho tshwarwa le ho fetolwa ha matla a ho tsosa ke setsi sa karabelo ya PSII se fokotsehile, se bontshang hore setsi sa karabelo sa PSII se a qhalana tlasa kgatello ya mocheso. Tlhokomeliso ena e re dumella ho etsa qeto ea hore litšitiso tse sebetsang ka photosynthesis li hlahella haholo mefuteng e bonolo (Fedearroz 2000) ho feta mefuteng e hanyetsanang (Fedearroz 67).
Tšebeliso ea CK kapa BR ka kakaretso e ntlafalitse ts'ebetso ea PSII tlas'a maemo a rarahaneng a khatello ea mocheso. Liphetho tse tšoanang li fumanoe ke Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), ba hlokometseng hore ts'ebeliso ea BR e ekelitse katleho ea PSII tlas'a khatello ea mocheso raeseng. Kumar et al. (2020) le bona ba fumane hore limela tsa chickpea tse phekoloang ka CK (6-benzyladine) 'me li le tlas'a khatello ea mocheso li ekelitse karolelano ea Fv/Fm, ba etsa qeto ea hore ts'ebeliso ea makhasi a CK ka ho kenya tšebetsong potoloho ea pigment ea zeaxanthin e khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea PSII. Ho phaella moo, spray ea makhasi a BR e ne e rata photosynthesis ea PSII tlas'a maemo a kopantsoeng a khatello, e leng se bontšang hore ts'ebeliso ea phytohormone ena e fella ka ho fokotseha ha matla a ho hlasimolla a li-antennae tsa PSII le ho khothalletsa ho bokellana ha liprotheine tse nyane tsa ho tšoha ha mocheso ka har'a li-chloroplast (Ogweno et al. 2008; Kothari le Lachowitz). , 2021).
Dikahare tsa MDA le proline hangata di a eketseha ha dimela di le tlasa kgatello ya abiotic ha di bapiswa le dimela tse hodisitsweng tlasa maemo a matle (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017). Diphuputso tse fetileng di boetse di bontshitse hore maemo a MDA le proline ke matshwao a biochemical a ka sebediswang ho utlwisisa tshebetso ya ho ikamahanya le maemo kapa tshusumetso ya mekgwa ya temo ka hara raese tlasa mocheso wa motsheare kapa bosiu (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Quintero-Calderón et al. . , 2021). Diphuputso tsena di boetse di bontshitse hore dikahare tsa MDA le proline di ne di atisa ho ba hodimo dimeleng tsa raese tse pepeseditsweng mocheso o phahameng bosiu kapa motsheare, ka ho latellana. Leha ho le jwalo, ho fafatsa CK le BR ka makhasi ho kentse letsoho phokotsong ya MDA le keketseho ya maemo a proline, haholo-holo ho genotype e mamellang (Federroz 67). Spray ya CK e ka kgothaletsa ho eketseha ha cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, ka hona e eketsa dikahare tsa metsoako e sireletsang jwalo ka betaine le proline (Liu et al., 2020). BR e khothalletsa ho kenngoa ha li-osmoprotectant tse kang betaine, tsoekere le li-amino acid (ho kenyeletsoa le proline e lokolohileng), e boloka botsitso ba osmotic ea sele tlas'a maemo a mangata a mabe a tikoloho (Kothari le Lachowiec, 2021).
Index ea khatello ea lijalo (CSI) le index ea mamello e amanang (RTI) li sebelisoa ho fumana hore na mekhoa ea phekolo e hlahlojoang e thusa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo e fapaneng (e sa sebeliseng lintho tse phelang le tse phelang) 'me e na le phello e ntle ho fisioloji ea limela (Castro-Duque et al., 2020; Chavez-Arias et al., 2020). Litekanyetso tsa CSI li ka tloha ho 0 ho isa ho 1, tse emelang maemo a seng a khatello ea maikutlo le a khatello ea maikutlo, ka ho latellana (Lee et al., 2010). Litekanyetso tsa CSI tsa limela tse hatelitsoeng ke mocheso (SC) li ne li tloha ho 0.8 ho isa ho 0.9 (Setšoantšo sa 2B), se bontšang hore limela tsa raese li ne li amehile hampe ke khatello ea maikutlo e kopaneng. Leha ho le joalo, ho fafatsa BC (0.6) kapa CK (0.6) ka makhasi ho lebisitse haholo-holo ho fokotseng sesupo sena tlas'a maemo a khatello ea maikutlo ha ho bapisoa le limela tsa raese tsa SC. Limeleng tsa F2000, RTI e bontšitse keketseho e phahameng ha ho sebelisoa CA (97.69%) le BC (60.73%) ha ho bapisoa le SA (33.52%), e leng se bontšang hore balaoli bana ba kholo ea limela le bona ba kenya letsoho ho ntlafatseng karabelo ea raese ho mamellang motsoako. Ho chesa haholo. Li-indices tsena li 'nile tsa sisinngoa ho laola maemo a khatello mefuteng e fapaneng. Phuputso e entsoeng ke Lee et al. (2010) e bontšitse hore CSI ea mefuta e 'meli ea k'hothone tlas'a khatello e itekanetseng ea metsi e ne e ka ba 0.85, athe boleng ba CSI ba mefuta e noselitsoeng hantle bo ne bo tloha ho 0.4 ho isa ho 0.6, ba etsa qeto ea hore index ena ke sesupo sa ho ikamahanya le maemo a khatello ea metsi a mefuta. Ho feta moo, Chavez-Arias et al. (2020) ba ile ba hlahloba katleho ea li-ecitors tsa maiketsetso e le leano le felletseng la taolo ea khatello ea maikutlo limela tsa C. elegans 'me ba fumane hore limela tse fafalitsoeng ka metsoako ena li bontšitse RTI e phahameng (65%). Ho latela se boletsoeng ka holimo, CK le BR li ka nkoa e le maano a temo a reretsoeng ho eketsa mamello ea raese khatellong e rarahaneng ea mocheso, kaha balaoli bana ba kholo ea limela ba hlahisa likarabelo tse ntle tsa biochemical le tsa 'mele.
Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, lipatlisiso tsa raese Colombia li shebane le ho hlahloba mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse mamellang mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare kapa oa bosiu ho sebelisoa litšobotsi tsa 'mele kapa tsa biochemical (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2021). Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, tlhahlobo ea mahlale a sebetsang, a moruo le a nang le phaello e bile ea bohlokoa haholo ho sisinya tsamaiso e kopaneng ea lijalo ho ntlafatsa litlamorao tsa linako tse rarahaneng tsa khatello ea mocheso naheng (Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Kahoo, likarabo tsa 'mele le tsa biochemical tsa limela tsa raese khatellong e rarahaneng ea mocheso (40°C motšehare/30°C bosiu) tse bonoang thutong ena li bontša hore ho fafatsa makhasi ka CK kapa BR e ka ba mokhoa o loketseng oa taolo ea lijalo ho fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe. Phello ea linako tsa khatello ea mocheso o itekanetseng. Mekhoa ena ea phekolo e ntlafalitse mamello ea mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka bobeli tsa raese (CSI e tlase le RTI e phahameng), e bonts'a mokhoa o akaretsang oa likarabo tsa 'mele le tsa biochemical tsa limela tlas'a khatello e kopaneng ea mocheso. Karabelo e ka sehloohong ea limela tsa raese e bile ho fokotseha ha litaba tsa GC, chlorophyll eohle, chlorophylls α le β le carotenoids. Ho phaella moo, limela li na le tšenyo ea PSII (li-parameter tsa fluorescence tsa chlorophyll tse fokotsehileng joalo ka karolelano ea Fv/Fm) le keketseho ea peroxidation ea lipid. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha raese e phekoloa ka CK le BR, liphello tsena tse mpe li ile tsa fokotsoa 'me litaba tsa proline tsa eketseha (Setšoantšo sa 4).
Setšoantšo sa 4. Mohlala oa khopolo-taba oa liphello tsa khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng le spray ea taolo ea kholo ea limela tsa makhasi limela tsa raese. Metsu e khubelu le e putsoa e bontša liphello tse mpe kapa tse ntle tsa tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa khatello ea mocheso le ts'ebeliso ea makhasi ea BR (brassinosteroid) le CK (cytokinin) likarabelong tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale, ka ho latellana. gs: conductance ea stomatal; Kakaretso ea Chl: kakaretso ea chlorophyll; Chl α: chlorophyll β dikahare; Cx+c: dikahare tsa carotenoid;
Ka bokhutšoanyane, likarabo tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale thutong ena li bontša hore limela tsa raese tsa Fedearroz 2000 li kotsing e kholo ea nako ea khatello e rarahaneng ea mocheso ho feta limela tsa raese tsa Fedearroz 67. Balaoli bohle ba kholo ba hlahlobiloeng thutong ena (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, kapa brassinosteroids) ba bontšitse tekanyo e itseng ea phokotso ea khatello ea mocheso e kopaneng. Leha ho le joalo, cytokinin le brassinosteroids li bakile phetoho e ntle ea limela kaha balaoli ba kholo ea limela ka bobeli ba ekelitse chlorophyll, liparamente tsa fluorescence tsa alpha-chlorophyll, gs le RWC ha li bapisoa le limela tsa raese ntle le ts'ebeliso efe kapa efe, 'me hape li fokotsehile ka har'a MDA le mocheso oa canopy. Ka bokhutšoanyane, re etsa qeto ea hore ts'ebeliso ea balaoli ba kholo ea limela (cytokinins le brassinosteroids) ke sesebelisoa se thusang ho laola maemo a khatello lijalo tsa raese tse bakoang ke khatello e matla ea mocheso nakong ea mocheso o phahameng.
Lisebelisoa tsa pele tse hlahisitsoeng thutong li kenyelelitsoe sehloohong, 'me lipotso tse ling li ka lebisoa ho mongoli ea tsamaellanang.
Nako ea poso: Phato-08-2024