Leha li-nematode tsa parasitic tsa semela li le kotsi ea nematode, ha se likokoanyana tse senyang lijalo, empa ke mafu a limela.
The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) ke semela se nang le likokoana-hloko tse ajoang ka ho fetisisa le tse kotsi ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng.Ho hakanngoa hore mefuta e fetang 2000 ea limela lefatšeng, ho kenyeletsoa hoo e batlang e le lijalo tsohle tse lenngoeng, li na le bothata ba tšoaetso ea metso-knot nematode.Li-nematode tsa Root-knot li tšoaetsa lisele tsa motso oa motso hore li thehe lihlahala, tse amang ho monya ha metsi le limatlafatsi, e leng se etsang hore semela se fokotsehe, se fokotsehe, se be mosehla, se omelle, se kobehe makhasi, ho holofala ha litholoana esita le ho shoa ha semela kaofela. phokotso ea lijalo lefatšeng ka bophara.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, taolo ea mafu a nematode e bile sepheo sa lik'hamphani tsa lefats'e tse sireletsang limela le litsi tsa lipatlisiso.Soybean cyst nematode ke lebaka la bohlokwa la phokotso ya tlhahiso ya soya naheng ya Brazil, United States le dinaheng tse ding tsa bohlokwa tse romelang soya kantle ho naha.Hona joale, le hoja mekhoa e meng ea 'mele kapa mehato ea temo e sebelisitsoe ho laola lefu la nematode, joalo ka: ho hlahloba mefuta e hanyetsanang, ho sebelisa methapo ea metso e hanyetsanang, ho potoloha ha lijalo, ntlafatso ea mobu, joalo-joalo, mekhoa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea taolo e ntse e le taolo ea lik'hemik'hale kapa taolo ya bophelo.
Mokhoa oa ketso ea ho kopanya motso
Nalane ea bophelo ea metso-knot nematode e na le lehe, larva ea pele, larva ea bobeli, larva ea boraro, larva ea bone le e kholo.Larva e tšoana le sebōkō, e kholo ke heteromorphic, e tona e na le mela, 'me e tšehali e bōpehile ka pere.Li-larvae tsa bobeli li ka falla ka metsing a li-pores tsa mobu, li batla motso oa semela ka har'a li-alleles tsa hlooho, tsa hlasela semela ka ho phunya epidermis ho tloha sebakeng se selelele sa motso, ebe se tsamaea ho pholletsa le semela. sebaka sa intercellular, fallela ntlheng ea motso, 'me u fihle boemong bo botle ba motso.Ka mor'a hore li-larvae tsa bobeli li fihle boemong bo botle ba ntlha ea motso, li-larvae li ile tsa khutlela ka tsela ea vascular bundle 'me tsa fihla sebakeng sa nts'etsopele ea xylem.Mona, li-larvae tsa bobeli li phunya lisele tse amohelang batho ka nale ea molomo 'me li kenya li-secretions tsa tšoelesa ea esophageal liseleng tsa motso.Auxin le li-enzyme tse fapaneng tse fumanehang ka har'a litšoelesa tsa 'metso li ka etsa hore lisele tse amohelang li fetohe "lisele tse kholo" tse nang le li-nuclei tse ngata, tse ruileng ka li-suborganelles le metabolism e matla.Lisele tsa cortical tse pota-potileng lisele tse kholo lia ata le ho hola le ho ruruha tlas'a tšusumetso ea lisele tse khōlōhali, li etsa matšoao a tloaelehileng a maqhutsu a metso holim'a metso.Li-larvae tsa bobeli li sebelisa lisele tse kholo e le lintlha tsa ho fepa ho monya limatlafatsi le metsi 'me ha li sisinyehe.Tlas'a maemo a loketseng, li-instar larvae tsa bobeli li ka etsa hore moamoheli a hlahise lisele tse kholo ka mor'a lihora tse 24 ka mor'a tšoaetso, 'me a fetohe liboko tse kholo ka mor'a ho senya tse tharo matsatsing a 20 a latelang.Ka mor'a moo tse tona lia sisinyeha 'me li siea metso, tse tšehali li lula li eme 'me li tsoela pele ho hōla, li qala ho behela mahe ka matsatsi a ka bang 28.Ha mocheso o le ka holimo ho 10 ℃, mahe a qhotsoa ka har'a nodule ea motso, li-larvae tsa pele tse ka hare ho mahe, li-larvae tsa bobeli li phunya mahe, li siea moeti mobung hape ke tšoaetso.
Li-nematode tsa Root-knot li na le mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo, tse ka bang likokoana-hloko mefuteng e fetang 3 000 ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang, tse kang meroho, lijalo tsa lijo, lijalo tsa chelete, lifate tsa litholoana, limela tsa mekhabiso le lehola.Metso ea meroho e anngoeng ke li-nematode tsa metso ea metso ea pele e theha maqhutsu a boholo bo fapaneng, a bosoeu ba lebese qalong le a sootho ha morao.Ka mor'a ho tšoaetsoa ke nematode ea metso-node, limela tse fatše li ne li le khutšoanyane, makala le makhasi a ne a e-na le atrophied kapa a mosehla, khōlo e ne e tsitsitse, 'mala oa makhasi o ne o le bobebe,' me kholo ea limela tse kulang haholo e ne e fokola, limela li ne li fokola. e ile ea pona ka lebaka la komello, 'me semela sohle sa shoa habohloko.Ho feta moo, taolo ea karabelo ea ts'ireletso, ts'ebetso ea thibelo le tšenyo ea mochini oa lisele tse bakoang ke li-nematode tsa metso ea lijalo lijalo li nolofalitse tlhaselo ea likokoana-hloko tse jereng mobu joalo ka fusarium wilt le bacteria ea bola ea metso, ka hona ho theha mafu a rarahaneng le ho baka tahlehelo e kholo.
Mehato ea thibelo le taolo
Li-linecides tsa setso li ka aroloa ka li-fumigants le tse sa fumigants ho latela mekhoa e fapaneng ea tšebeliso.
Fumigant
E kenyelletsa li-halogenated hydrocarbons le isothiocyanates, 'me li-non-fumigants li kenyelletsa organophosphorus le carbamates.Hajoale, har'a likokoana-hloko tse ngolisitsoeng Chaena, bromomethane (ntho e senyang ozone, e ntseng e haneloa butle-butle) le chloropicrin ke metsoako ea hydrocarbon e nang le halogenated, e ka thibelang motsoako oa liprotheine le liphetoho tsa biochemical nakong ea ho hema ha li-nematode tsa metso.Lintho tse peli tse fumigant ke methyl isothiocyanate, e ka theolang le ho lokolla methyl isothiocyanate le metsoako e meng e menyenyane ea molek'hule mobung.Methyl isothiocyanate e ka kena 'meleng oa lefito la metso ea nematode mme ea tlama ho globulin e tsamaisang oksijene, kahoo e thibela ho phefumoloha ha lefito la motso ho fihlela phello e bolaeang.Ho feta moo, sulfuryl fluoride le calcium cyanamide le tsona di ngodisitswe jwalo ka difumigants bakeng sa taolo ya metso ya lefito la nematodes naheng ya China.
Ho boetse ho na le lifumi tse ling tsa halogenated hydrocarbon fumigants tse sa ngolisoang Chaena, tse kang 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, joalo-joalo, tse ngolisitsoeng linaheng tse ling tsa Europe le United States ho nka sebaka sa bromomethane.
E sa tsubeng
Ho kenyelletsa organophosphorus le carbamates.Har'a li-lineicides tse se nang mosi tse ngolisitsoeng naheng ea rona, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos le chlorpyrifos ke tsa organophosphorus, athe carboxanil, aldicarb le carboxanil butathiocarb ke tsa carbamate.Li-nematocide tse sa fumigated li senya tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ea metso lefito ea nematode ka ho tlama acetylcholinesterase ka har'a synapses ea lefito la metso.Hangata ha li bolaee li-nematode tsa motso, empa li etsa hore lefito la motso le lahleheloe ke bokhoni ba tsona ba ho fumana moeti le ho tšoaetsa, kahoo hangata li bitsoa "nematodes paralyzers".Li-nematocide tsa setso tse sa fumigated ke li-nematode tse chefo haholo, tse nang le mokhoa o ts'oanang oa tšebetso ho liphoofolo tse nang le lesapo la mokokotlo le arthropods joalo ka li-nematode.Ka hona, tlas'a lithibelo tsa maemo a tikoloho le a sechaba, linaha tse kholo tsa lefats'e tse tsoetseng pele li fokolitse kapa li emisitse nts'etsopele ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea organophosphorus le carbamate, 'me ea retelehela ho nts'etsopele ea likokoanyana tse ling tse sebetsang hantle haholo le tse nang le chefo e tlase.Lilemong tsa morao tjena, har'a likokoanyana tse ncha tse se nang carbamate / organophosphorus tse fumaneng ngoliso ea EPA ke spiralate ethyl (e ngolisitsoeng ka 2010), difluorosulfone (e ngolisitsoeng ka 2014) le fluopyramide (e ngolisitsoeng ka 2015).
Empa ha e le hantle, ka lebaka la chefo e phahameng, thibelo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea organophosphorus, ha ho na li-nematocide tse ngata tse fumanehang hona joale.Li-nematocide tse 371 li ngolisitsoe Chaena, tseo tse 161 tsa tsona e neng e le motsoako o sebetsang oa abamectin le tse 158 e le motsoako o sebetsang oa thiazophos.Lisebelisoa tsena tse peli tse sebetsang e ne e le likarolo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa taolo ea nematode Chaena.
Hona joale, ha ho na li-nematocides tse ngata tse ncha, tseo har'a tsona fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone le fluopyramide e leng baetapele.Ho feta moo, ho latela biopesticides, Penicillium paraclavidum le Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 tse ngolisitsoeng ke Kono le tsona li na le menyetla e matla ea 'maraka.
Patent ea lefats'e bakeng sa taolo ea lefito la soybean root nematode
Soybean root knot nematode ke le leng la mabaka a mantlha a phokotso ea kotulo ea soya linaheng tse kholo tse rekisetsang kantle ho naha, haholo United States le Brazil.
Kakaretso ea litokelo tsa litokelo tsa ts'ireletso ea limela tse 4287 tse amanang le metso ea soy-knot nematode e kentsoe lefats'eng ka bophara lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng.Soybean root-knot nematode e sebelisoang haholo-holo bakeng sa litokelo tsa molao libakeng le linaheng, ea pele ke European Bureau, ea bobeli ke Chaena, le United States, ha sebaka se tebileng sa soybean root-knot nematode, Brazil, se na le 145 feela. likopo tsa patent.'Me boholo ba bona bo tsoa lik'hamphani tsa machaba.
Hajoale, abamectin le phosphine thiazole ke tsona tse ka sehloohong tse laolang metso ea nematode naheng ea China.Mme sehlahisoa se nang le tokelo ea molao ea fluopyramide le sona se se se qalile ho raloa.
Avermectin
Ka 1981, abamectin e ile ea hlahisoa 'marakeng e le taolo khahlanong le likokoana-hloko tsa mala ho liphoofolo tse anyesang, 'me ka 1985 e le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Avermectin ke e 'ngoe ea meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e sebelisoang haholo kajeno.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole ke padi, sebolaya dikokonyana se sebetsang hantle le se sephara se sa fumigated organophosphorus se qapilweng ke Ishihara Company naheng ya Japan, mme se beilwe mmarakeng dinaheng tse ngata tse kang Japan.Liphuputso tsa pele li bontšitse hore phosphine thiazolium e na le endosorption le lipalangoang limela 'me e na le ts'ebetso e pharaletseng khahlanong le likokoana-hloko le likokoanyana tse senyang lijalo.Li-parasitic nematodes tsa limela li senya lijalo tse ngata tsa bohlokoa, 'me thepa ea tlhaho le ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale ea phosphine thiazole e loketse haholo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea mobu, kahoo ke moemeli ea loketseng ho laola limela tse nang le likokoana-hloko tsa limela.Hajoale, phosphine thiazolium ke e 'ngoe ea li-nematocides tse ngolisitsoeng ka har'a meroho Chaena,' me e monyela hantle ka hare, kahoo e ke ke ea sebelisoa feela ho laola li-nematode le likokoanyana tse senyang mobu, empa hape e ka sebelisoa ho laola likokoanyana tsa makhasi le makhasi. disenyi tse ka hodimo.Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ts'ebetso ea phosphine thiazolides ke ho thibela acetylcholinesterase ea sebōpuoa se shebiloeng, se amang tikoloho ea nematode 2nd larval stage.Phosphine thiazole e ka thibela tšebetso, tšenyo le ho qhotsoa ha li-nematode, kahoo e ka sitisa kholo le ho ikatisa ha li-nematode.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide ke pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungicide, e hlahisitsoeng le ho rekisoa ke Bayer Cropscience, e ntseng e le nakong ea patent.Fluopyramide e na le ts'ebetso e itseng ea nemacidal, 'me e ngolisitsoe taolong ea metso ea li-nematode tsa lijalo, 'me hajoale ke nematicide e tsebahalang haholo.Mokhoa oa ketso ea eona ke ho thibela phefumoloho ea mitochondrial ka ho thibela phetiso ea elektronike ea dehydrogenase ea succinic ka ketane ea ho hema, le ho thibela mekhahlelo e mengata ea potoloho ea kholo ea libaktheria tsa pathogenic ho fihlela sepheo sa ho laola libaktheria tsa pathogenic.
Motsoako o sebetsang oa fluropyramide naheng ea China o ntse o le nakong ea patent.Har'a lits'ebetso tsa eona tsa patent ho li-nematode, tse 3 li tsoa Bayer, 'me tse 4 li tsoa Chaena, tse kopantsoeng le li-biostimulants kapa metsoako e fapaneng e sebetsang ho laola nematodes.Ebile, lisebelisoa tse ling tse sebetsang nakong ea patent li ka sebelisoa ho etsa moralo o itseng oa patent esale pele ho hapa mmaraka.Joalo ka likokonyana tse ntle haholo tsa lepidoptera le moemeli oa thrips ethyl polycidin, ho feta 70% ea litokelo tsa tumello ea kopo ea lapeng e sebelisoa ke likhoebo tsa lapeng.
Likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko bakeng sa taolo ea nematode
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, mekhoa ea ho laola likokoana-hloko e nkelang sebaka sa taolo ea lik'hemik'hale ea metso ea li-nematode e fumane tlhokomelo e atileng lapeng le linaheng tse ling.Ho itšehla thajana le ho hlahloba likokoana-hloko tse nang le bokhoni bo phahameng ba ho hanyetsa khahlanong le metso-knot nematodes ke maemo a mantlha a taolo ea likokoana-hloko.Mefuta e ka sehloohong e tlalehiloeng ka likokoana-hloko tse hanyetsanang tsa metso ea li-nematode e ne e le Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus le Rhizobium.Myrothecium, Paecilomyces le Trichoderma, leha ho le jwalo, dikokwana-hloko tse ding di ne di le thata ho hlahisa ditlamorao tsa tsona tse hanyetsang ho nematode ya lefito la metso ka lebaka la mathata a setso sa maiketsetso kapa phello e sa tsitsang ya taolo ya baeloji tšimong.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ke kokoana-hloko e sebetsang ea mahe a motso o ka boroa-node nematode le Cystocystis albicans.Sekhahla sa likokoana-hloko tsa mahe a nematode ea motso o ka boroa oa nematode e ka holimo ho 60% ~ 70%.Mokhoa oa ho thibela Paecilomyces lavviolaceus khahlanong le metso-knot nematodes ke hore ka mor'a hore Paecilomyces lavviolaceus a kopane le line worm oocysts, ka har'a substrate ea viscous, mycelium ea likokoana-hloko tsa biocontrol e pota-potile lehe lohle, 'me qetellong ea mycelium e ba e teteaneng.Bokaholimo ba khetla ea lehe bo robehile ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea exogenous metabolites le chitinase ea fungal, ebe li-fungus lia hlasela le ho li nkela sebaka.E ka boela ea ntša chefo e bolaeang li-nematode.Mosebetsi oa eona o ka sehloohong ke ho bolaea mahe.Ho na le ngoliso e robeli ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana Chaena.Hajoale, Paecilomyces lilaclavi ha e na foromo ea litekanyetso tse kopaneng tse rekisoang, empa sebopeho sa eona sa patent naheng ea China se na le tokelo ea ho kopanya le likokoanyana tse ling ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso.
Semela se ntšitsoeng
Dihlahiswa tsa dimela tsa tlhaho di ka sebediswa ka polokeho bakeng sa taolo ya lefito la metso ya nematode, mme tshebediso ya disebediswa tsa dimela kapa dintho tsa nematoidal tse hlahiswang ke dimela ho laola mafu a lefito la metso ya nematode e tsamaelana haholo le ditlhoko tsa polokeho ya tikoloho le polokeho ya dijo.
Likarolo tsa limela tsa Nematoidal li teng likarolong tsohle tsa semela 'me li ka fumanoa ka ho qhibiliha ha mouoane, ho ntšoa ha lintho tse phelang, ho bokella li-secretions tsa metso, joalo-joalo Ho ea ka thepa ea bona ea lik'hemik'hale, li arotsoe haholo ka lintho tse sa tsitsang ka ho qhibiliha ha metsi kapa ho qhibiliha ha manyolo. le metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e feto-fetohang, eo har'a eona lintho tse sa fetoheng li ikarabellang bakeng sa bongata.Likarolo tsa nematoidal tsa limela tse ngata li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa taolo ea lefito la metso ka mor'a ho ntšoa ha bonolo, 'me ho sibolloa ha limela ho batla ho le bonolo ha ho bapisoa le metsoako e mecha e sebetsang.Leha ho le joalo, le hoja e na le phello ea likokoana-hloko, motsoako oa sebele o sebetsang le molao-motheo oa ho bolaea likokoanyana hangata ha o hlake.
Hajoale, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, tea saponin joalo-joalo ke chefo e ka sehloohong ea limela tsa khoebo tse nang le ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea li-nematode, tse batlang li fokola, 'me li ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa limela tse thibelang li-nematode ka ho lema kapa ho tsamaea le tsona.
Le hoja motswako wa dihlahiswa tsa dimela ho laola lefito la metso ya nematode e tla ba le sephetho se betere sa taolo ya nematode, ha e eso rekisoe ka botlalo mothating wa jwale, empa e ntse e fana ka mohopolo o motjha bakeng sa dihlahiswa tsa semela ho laola lefito la metso ya nematode.
Manyolo a bio-organic
Senotlolo sa manyolo a tlhaho ke hore na likokoana-hloko tse hanyetsanang li ka ikatisa mobung kapa mobung oa rhizosphere.Liphetho li bontša hore ho sebelisoa ha lintho tse ling tsa tlhaho tse kang likhetla tsa shrimp le crab le lijo tsa oli li ka ntlafatsa ka ho toba kapa ka tsela e sa tobang phello ea taolo ea likokoana-hloko ea root knot nematode.Ho sebelisa thekenoloji e tiileng ea ho belisa ho belisa likokoana-hloko tse hanyetsanang le manyolo a tlhaho ho hlahisa manyolo a bio-organic ke mokhoa o mocha oa taolo ea likokoana-hloko ho laola lefu la lefito la metso ea nematode.
Thutong ea ho laola li-nematode tsa meroho ka manyolo a bio-organic, ho ile ha fumanoa hore likokoana-hloko tse hanyetsanang le manyolo a bio-organic li na le phello e ntle ea taolo ho li-nematode tsa metso, haholo-holo manyolo a entsoeng ka ho belisoa ha likokoana-hloko tse hanyetsanang le manyolo a tlhaho. ka theknoloji e tiileng ea ho belisoa.
Leha ho le joalo, phello ea taolo ea manyolo a tlhaho holim'a metso-knot nematodes e na le kamano e kholo le tikoloho le nako ea ts'ebeliso, 'me matla a eona a taolo a tlase haholo ho feta a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana,' me ho thata ho e etsa khoebo.
Leha ho le joalo, e le karolo ea taolo ea lithethefatsi le manyolo, hoa khoneha ho laola li-nematode ka ho eketsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le ho kopanya metsi le manyolo.
Ka palo e kholo ea mefuta e mengata ea sejalo (joaloka litapole, soya, joalo-joalo) e lenngoeng lapeng le kantle ho naha, ho hlaha ha nematode ho ntse ho mpefala le ho feta, mme taolo ea nematode e boetse e tobane le phephetso e kholo.Hajoale, mefuta e mengata ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng Chaena e ile ea hlahisoa pele ho lilemo tsa bo-1980, 'me metsoako e mecha e sebetsang ha ea lekana.
Lisebelisoa tsa baeloji li na le melemo e ikhethang ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso, empa ha li sebetse joalo ka lik'hemik'hale, 'me tšebeliso ea tsona e lekanyelitsoe ke lintlha tse fapaneng.Ka likopo tse amehang tsa patent, ho ka bonoa hore nts'etsopele ea hona joale ea li-nematocides e ntse e le haufi le ho kopanya lihlahisoa tsa khale, nts'etsopele ea likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko, le ho kopanngoa ha metsi le manyolo.
Nako ea poso: May-20-2024