Likokoana-hloko ke e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa ho kenya ts'ebetsong leano la "Green Food System" Japane. Pampiri ena e hlalosa tlhaloso le sehlopha sa meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko Japane, 'me e hlophisa ngoliso ea meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko Japane, e le ho fana ka litšupiso bakeng sa nts'etsopele le tšebeliso ea meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko linaheng tse ling.
Ka lebaka la sebaka se lekanyelitsoeng sa masimo a teng Japane, hoa hlokahala ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le manyolo a mangata ho eketsa chai ea lijalo sebakeng ka seng. Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea palo e kholo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lik’hemik’hale e ekelitse moroalo oa tikoloho, ’me ke habohlokoa ka ho khetheha ho sireletsa mobu, metsi, mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, libaka tsa mahaeng le tšireletso ea lijo ho finyella tsoelo-pele e tsitsitseng ea temo le tikoloho. Kaha ho na le masalla a mangata a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lijalong a lebisang keketsehong ea mafu a sechaba, lihoai le sechaba ba tloaetse ho sebelisa meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko e sireletsehileng haholoanyane le e baballang tikoloho.
Joalo ka boikitlaetso ba Europe-to-Fork, mmuso oa Japane ka Mots'eanong 2021 o thehile "Green Food System Strategy" e ikemiselitseng ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso e kotsi ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka 50% ka 2050 le ho eketsa sebaka sa temo ea limela ho fihla ho 1 milione hm2 (e lekanang le 25% ea masimo a Japane). Leano lena le batla ho matlafatsa tlhahiso le moshoelella oa lijo, temo, meru le botšoasi ba litlhapi ka mekhoa e mecha ea Resilience (MeaDRI), ho kenyeletsoa taolo e kopaneng ea likokoanyana, mekhoa e ntlafetseng ea kopo le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e meng e mecha. Har'a tsona, tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke nts'etsopele, ts'ebeliso le ts'ebetso ea taolo e kopaneng ea likokoanyana (IPM), 'me meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko ke e' ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa.
1. Tlhaloso le sehlopha sa meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko Japane
Likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko li amana le chefo ea lik'hemik'hale kapa ea maiketsetso, 'me ka kakaretso li bua ka chefo e batlang e bolokehile kapa e le botsoalle ho batho, tikoloho le tikoloho e sebelisang kapa e ipapisitseng le mehloli ea tlhaho. Ho ea ka mohloli oa metsoako e sebetsang, li-biopesticides li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse latelang: pele, likokoana-hloko tsa mohloli oa likokoana-hloko, ho akarelletsa le libaktheria, li-fungus, likokoana-hloko le liphoofolo tsa pele tsa likokoana-hloko (tse fetotsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso) likokoana-hloko tse phelang le metabolites ea tsona e patiloeng; Ea bobeli ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tsoang mohloling oa limela, ho kenyeletsoa limela tse phelang le li-extracts tsa tsona, li-plant embedded protective agents (lijalo tse fetotsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso); Ea boraro, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea tlhaho ea liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsoa nematode e phelang entomopathetic, likokoana-hloko le liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo le li-extracts tsa liphoofolo (joaloka pheromones). United States le linaha tse ling li boetse li beha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea tlhaho e kang oli ea liminerale e le likokoana-hloko.
SEIJ ea Japane e arola likokoana-hloko ka libolaea-likokoanyana tse phelang le lintho tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko, 'me e arola lipheromone, likokoana-hloko tse nyenyane (lithibela-mafu tsa temo), lihlahisoa tsa limela, chefo e entsoeng ka liminerale, lihlahisoa tsa liphoofolo (joalo ka arthropod venom), li-nanoantibodies, le likokoana-hloko tse kenngoeng ke semela e le lintho tse sireletsang limela. The Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives of Japan e beha likokoana-hloko tsa Majapane ka har'a li-arthropods tsa sera sa tlhaho, li-nematode tsa sera sa tlhaho, likokoana-hloko le lintho tse phelang, 'me e beha Bacillus thuringiensis e sa sebetseng e le likokoana-hloko 'me ha e kenyelle lithibela-mafu tsa temo ho tsoa sehlopheng sa likokoana-hloko. Leha ho le joalo, tsamaisong ea 'nete ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li-biopesticides tsa Majapane li hlalosoa ka bokhutšoanyane e le chefo e phelang ea likokoana-hloko, ke hore, "lisebelisoa tse laolang likokoana-hloko tse kang likokoana-hloko tse hanyetsanang le likokoana-hloko, likokoana-hloko tsa limela, likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko, li-nematode tsa likokoanyana, likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko tse jang likokoana-hloko tse sebelisoang ho laola likokoanyana". Ka mantsoe a mang, likokoana-hloko tsa Majapane ke chefo e rekisang lintho tse phelang tse kang likokoana-hloko, li-entomopathetic nematodes le lira tsa tlhaho e le metsoako e sebetsang, athe mefuta le mefuta ea lintho tsa tlhaho tse ngolisitsoeng Japane ha se karolo ea sehlopha sa biopesticides. Ho feta moo, ho latela "Mehato ea Phekolo ea Liphetho tsa liteko tsa Tlhahlobo ea Tšireletso e amanang le kopo ea Ngoliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana", likokoana-hloko tse fetotsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso le limela ha li tlas'a taolo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana Japane. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, Lekala la Temo, Meru le Litlhapi le lona le ile la qala ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo bocha bakeng sa likokoana-hloko le ho nts'etsapele litekanyetso tse ncha tsa ho se ngolisoe ha likokoana-hloko ho fokotsa monyetla oa hore ts'ebeliso le ho hasana ha likokoana-hloko li ka baka tšenyo e kholo tikolohong kapa kholong ea liphoofolo le limela tikolohong e phelang.
Lethathamo le sa tsoa lokolloa la "Lethathamo la Lintho tse Kenyellelitsoeng tsa ho lema" ke Lekala la Temo, Meru le Litlhapi la Japane ka 2022 le akaretsa libolaea-kokoana-hloko le tse ling tse bolaeang likokoanyana tse tsoang tlhahong. Likokoana-hloko tsa Japane li lokolotsoe ho thehoeng ha Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) le maximum Residue limits (MRL), tseo ka bobeli li ka sebelisoang tlhahisong ea lihlahisoa tsa temo tlas'a Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Kakaretso ea ngoliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoana-hloko Japane
E le naha e itlhommeng pele ho nts'etsopele le ts'ebelisong ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, Japane e na le tsamaiso e batlang e feletse ea ngoliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le mefuta e mengata ea ngoliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana. Ho ea ka lipalo-palo tsa mongoli, ho tloha ka 2023, ho na le litokisetso tse 99 tsa likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko tse ngolisitsoeng le tse sebetsang hantle Japane, tse kenyelletsang metsoako e sebetsang ea 47, e leng karolo ea 8.5% ea metsoako eohle e sebetsang ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng. Har'a tsona, lisebelisoa tse 35 li sebelisoa bakeng sa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana (ho kenyeletsoa li-nematocides tse 2), lisebelisoa tse 12 li sebelisoa bakeng sa sterilization, 'me ha ho na li-herbicides kapa lisebelisoa tse ling (Setšoantšo sa 1). Le hoja li-pheromone e se karolo ea sehlopha sa meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko Japane, hangata e khothaletsoa le ho sebelisoa hammoho le meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko e le lisebelisoa tsa ho jala limela.
2.1 Likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko tsa lira tsa tlhaho
Ho na le metsoako e 22 e sebetsang ea li-biopesticides tsa sera tsa tlhaho tse ngolisitsoeng Japane, tse ka aroloa ka likokoanyana tse jang likokoana-hloko, likokoanyana tse jang liphoofolo le likokoanyana tse jang liphoofolo ho latela mefuta ea tlhaho le mokhoa oa ho sebetsa. Har'a tsona, likokoanyana tse jang likokoanyana le likokoanyana tse jang likokoanyana li ja likokoanyana tse kotsi, 'me likokoanyana tse jang likokoana-hloko li behela mahe ka har'a likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko 'me li-larvae tsa tsona tse qhotsoang li ja sejaki ebe li tsoela pele ho bolaea liphoofolo tse ling. Likokoanyana tsa hymenoptera tse kang aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee le Mylostomus japonicus, tse ngolisitsoeng Japane, li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho laola hoaba, lintsintsi le lintsintsi tse lenngoeng merohong e lenngoeng ka har'a greenhouse, le bugter, bugter, bugryg, bugter, bugryg, bugter haholo-holo e sebelisetsoang ho laola hoaba, li-thrips le lintsintsi tse tšoeu meroho e lengoang ka sethopo. Likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho laola sekho se sefubelu, mite ea lekhasi, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips le whitefly holim'a meroho, lipalesa, lifate tsa litholoana, linaoa le litapole tse lenngoeng ka sethopo, hammoho le meroho, lifate tsa litholoana le tee e lenngoeng masimong. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Ngoliso ea lira tsa tlhaho tse kang O. sauteri ha ea ka ea nchafatsoa.
2.2 Meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana
Ho na le mefuta e 23 ea metsoako e bolaeang likokoana-hloko e ngolisitsoeng Japane, e ka aroloa ka likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko, likokoana-hloko tsa baktheria/fungicides le fungal insecticides/fungicides ho latela mefuta le tšebeliso ea likokoana-hloko. Har'a tsona, likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko li bolaea kapa li laola likokoanyana ka ho tšoaetsa, ho atisa le ho ntša chefo. Li-fungicides tse nyane li laola libaktheria tsa pathogenic ka tlholisano ea bokolone, secretion ea li-antimicrobial kapa metabolites ea bobeli, le ho kenella ha ho hanyetsa limela [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and the Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Le ho ngolisoa ha likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang likokoanyana tse kang Xamonas le p.flex. Li-Drechslera monocera ha lia nchafatsoa.
2.2.1 Likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang likokoanyana
Likokoana-hloko tsa granular le nuclear polyhedroid virus tse ngolisitsoeng Japane li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho laola likokoanyana tse khethehileng tse kang apple ringworm, tea ringworm le tea longleaf ringworm, hammoho le Streptococcus aureus lijalo tse kang litholoana, meroho le linaoa. Joalo ka sebolaea-likokoanyana sa baktheria se sebelisoang haholo, Bacillus thuringiensis e sebelisoa haholo ho laola likokonyana tsa lepidoptera le hemiptera lijalong tse kang meroho, litholoana, raese, litapole le turf. Har'a likokoana-hloko tse ngolisitsoeng tsa fungal, Beauveria bassiana e sebelisoa haholo ho laola likokoanyana tse hlafunang le tse hlabang tse kang li-thrips, likokoanyana tsa scalel, lintsintsi tse tšoeu, mite, maleshoane, litaemane le hoaba merohong, litholoana, phaene le tee. Beauveria brucei e sebediswa ho laola disenyi tsa coleoptera tse kang longiceps le maleshoane lifateng tsa litholoana, lifate, angelica, lithunthung tsa cherry le li-mushroom tsa shiitake. Metarhizium anisopliae e sebelisetsoang ho laola li-thrips ka temo ea meroho le limango; Paecilomyces furosus le Paecilopus pectus li ne li sebelisetsoa ho laola whitefly, hoaba le sekho se sefubelu ka har'a meroho e lengoang le fragole. Fungus e sebelisoa ho laola lintsintsi tse tšoeu le li-thrips temong ea limela, limango, li-chrysanthemums le lisiflorum.
Kaha ke eona feela likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko tse ngolisitsoeng le tse sebetsang hantle Japane, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum e sebelisoa ho laola lefito la metso merohong, litapole le lifeiga.
2.2.2 Likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko
Kokoana-hloko e kang kokoana-hloko ea zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus e fokolisitsoeng e ngolisitsoeng Japane e ile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa taolo ea lefu la Mosaic le fusarium wilt e bakoang ke kokoana-hloko e amanang le likomkomere. Har'a li-fungicides tsa bacteriological tse ngolisitsoeng Japane, Bacillus amylolitica e sebelisetsoa ho laola mafu a fungal a kang rot e sootho, hlobo e bohlooho, blight e ntšo, lefu la linaleli tse tšoeu, phofo ea phofo, hlobo e ntšo, hlobo ea makhasi, lefu la letheba, mafome a masoeu le makhasi a limela, litholoana, lipalesa, hop le koae. Bacillus simplex e ne e sebelisetsoa ho thibela le ho phekola lefu la baktheria le blight ea baktheria ea raese. Bacillus subtilis e sebelisoa bakeng sa ho laola mafu a baktheria le a fungal a kang grey hlobo, powdery mildew, lefu la naleli e ntšo, ho phatloha ha raese, hlobo ea lekhasi, blight e ntšo, lekhasi le letheba, letheba le lesoeu, letheba, lefu la canker, blight, lefu la hlobo, lefu la letheba le sootho, lekhasi le letšo la baktheria le lefu la raese ea meroho, litholoana le litholoana, le li-mushroom. Mefuta e seng ea pathogenic ea Erwenella soft rot carrot subspecies e sebelisoa bakeng sa taolo ea ho bola ha bonolo le lefu la canker merohong, citrus, cycleen le litapole. Pseudomonas fluorescens e sebediswa ho laola bola, ho bola ho hotsho, baktheria black rot le flower bud rot merohong ya makgasi. Pseudomonas roseni e sebelisoa bakeng sa ho laola bola bo bonolo, bola bo boso, bola, palesa, letheba la baktheria, letheba le letšo la baktheria, ho phatloha ha baktheria, ho bola ha bonolo ha baktheria, blight ea baktheria, blight ea lekala la baktheria le kankere ea baktheria meroho le litholoana. Phagocytophage mirabile e sebelisetsoa ho laola lefu la ho ruruha ha metso ea meroho ea cruciferous, 'me likokoana-hloko tse mosehla li sebelisetsoa ho laola hlobo ea phofo, hlobo e ntšo, koatsi, hlobo ea makhasi, hlobo e bohlooho, ho phatloha ha raese, blight ea baktheria, ho bola ha baktheria, streak e sootho, ho khothalletsa ho hōla ha limela le limela, ho khothalletsa ho hōla ha limela le meroho. metso. Lactobacillus plantarum e sebediswa ho laola ho bola ha bonolo merohong le ditapole. Har'a li-fungicides tse ngolisitsoeng Japane, Scutellaria microscutella e ne e sebelisetsoa ho thibela le ho laola ho bola ha sclerotium meroho, ho bola ha black rot ka li-scallions le konofolo. Trichoderma viridis e sebediswa ho laola mafu a baktheria le fungal a kang rice blight, bacterial brown streak disease, leaf blight le rice blast, hammoho le lefu la asparagus purple streak le lefu la silika e tshweu ya koae.
2.3 Li-nematode tsa Entomopathogenic
Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea li-nematode tsa entomopathogenic tse ngolisitsoeng ka katleho Japane,' me mekhoa ea tsona ea ho bolaea likokoanyana [1-2, 11] haholo-holo e kenyelletsa tšenyo ea mechine e hlaselang, tšebeliso ea phepo e nepahetseng le ho senyeha ha lisele tsa lisele, le libaktheria tsa symbiotic tse ntšang chefo. Steinernema carpocapsae le S. glaseri, tse ngolisitsoeng Japane, li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho litapole, mohloaare, lifeiga, lipalesa le limela tsa makhasi, lithunthung tsa cherry, plums, liperekisi, monokotsoai o mofubelu, liapole, li-mushroom, meroho, turf le ginkgo Taolo ea likokoanyana tse kang Megalophora, Olive Black Weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Olive Weestro Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica le Red fungus. Ngoliso ea entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai ha ea nchafatsoa.
3. Kakaretso le pono
Japane, meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho netefatsa tšireletso ea lijo, ho sireletsa tikoloho le mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, le ho boloka tsoelo-pele e tsitsitseng ea temo. Ho fapana le linaha le libaka tse kang United States, European Union, China le Vietnam [1, 7-8], meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko ea Japane e hlalosoa ka mokhoa o patisaneng e le lintho tse phelang tse sa fetotsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ka sebelisoang e le lisebelisoa tsa ho jala limela. Hajoale, ho na le chefo e bolaeang likokoana-hloko e 47 e ngolisitsoeng le e sebetsang hantle Japane, e leng lira tsa tlhaho, likokoana-hloko le likokoanyana tsa pathogenic nematodes, 'me li sebelisetsoa ho thibela le ho laola likokoana-hloko tse kotsi, limela tse nang le likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko ka temo ea sethopo le lijalo tsa masimong tse kang meroho, litholoana, raese, lifate tsa tee, lifate, lipalesa le limela. Le hoja li-biopesticides tsena li na le melemo ea tšireletso e phahameng, kotsi e tlaase ea ho hanyetsa lithethefatsi, ho itlhahloba kapa ho felisa likokoana-hloko khafetsa tlas'a maemo a matle, nako e telele ea katleho le ho boloka mosebetsi, li boetse li na le mefokolo e kang botsitso bo fokolang, ho sebetsa butle, ho se tsamaisane hantle, taolo ea taolo le nako e fokolang ea tšebeliso ea fensetere. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mefuta e mengata ea lijalo le lintho tsa taolo bakeng sa ngoliso le tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoana-hloko Japane le eona e fokotsehile, 'me e ke ke ea nkela chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana sebaka sa lik'hemik'hale ho fihlela katleho e felletseng. Ho ea ka lipalo-palo [3], ka 2020, boleng ba li-biopesticides tse sebelisoang Japane li ne li le 0.8% feela, e neng e le tlase haholo ho feta karolo ea palo e ngolisitsoeng ea metsoako e sebetsang.
E le tataiso e ka sehloohong ea nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana nakong e tlang, meriana e bolaeang likokoana-hloko e ntse e etsoa lipatlisiso le ho ntlafatsoa le ho ngolisoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea temo. Ha mmoho le tsoelopele ea mahlale le thekenoloji ea baeloji le ho hlahella ha molemo oa litšenyehelo tsa lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ea likokoana-hloko, ntlafatso ea polokeho ea lijo le boleng, boima ba tikoloho le litlhoko tsa nts'etsopele e tsitsitseng ea temo, 'maraka oa Japane oa likokoana-hloko o ntse o tsoela pele ho hola ka potlako. Inkwood Research e hakanya hore 'maraka oa Japane oa biopesticide o tla hola ka sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo sa 22.8% ho tloha 2017 ho isa 2025, mme e lebelletsoe ho fihla ho $729 milione ka 2025. Ka ts'ebetsong ea "Green Food System Strategy", likokoana-hloko li ntse li sebelisoa ho lihoai tsa Majapane.
Nako ea poso: May-14-2024