Libolaea-likokoana-hloko tsa biopesticides ke e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa ho kenya tšebetsong "leano la Sistimi ea Lijo tse Tala" Japane. Pampiri ena e hlalosa tlhaloso le sehlopha sa libolaea-likokoana-hloko tsa biopesticides Japane, 'me e arola ngoliso ea libolaea-likokoana-hloko tsa biopesticides Japane, e le ho fana ka litšupiso bakeng sa nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso ea libolaea-likokoana-hloko tsa biopesticides linaheng tse ling.
Ka lebaka la sebaka se fokolang sa masimo a fumanehang Japane, ho hlokahala ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le manyolo a mangata ho eketsa chai ea lijalo sebakeng ka seng. Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea palo e kholo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lik'hemik'hale e ekelitse moroalo oa tikoloho, 'me ho bohlokoa haholo ho sireletsa mobu, metsi, mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang, libaka tsa mahaeng le polokeho ea lijo ho fihlela nts'etsopele e tsitsitseng ea temo le tikoloho. Ka masalla a mangata a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lijalong a lebisang keketsehong ea linyeoe tsa mafu a sechaba, balemi le sechaba ba atisa ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e sireletsehileng le e mosa haholoanyane tikolohong.
Ho tšoana le morero oa Europe oa ho falla ho ea ho Fork, 'muso oa Japane ka Mots'eanong 2021 o ile oa theha "Leano la Sistimi ea Lijo tse Tala" le ikemiselitseng ho fokotsa tšebeliso e behang kotsing ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lik'hemik'hale ka 50% ka 2050 le ho eketsa sebaka sa temo ea tlhaho ho isa ho milione e le 'ngoe hm2 (e lekanang le 25% ea sebaka sa masimo a Japane). Leano lena le batla ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso le botsitso ba lijo, temo, meru le litlhapi ka mekhoa e mecha ea ho mamella (MeaDRI), ho kenyeletsoa le taolo e kopaneng ea likokoanyana, mekhoa e ntlafalitsoeng ea ts'ebeliso le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e meng e mecha. Har'a tsona, ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke nts'etsopele, ts'ebeliso le khothaletso ea taolo e kopaneng ea likokoanyana (IPM), 'me likokoana-hloko tsa biopesticides ke e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa.
1. Tlhaloso le sehlopha sa dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticide Japane
Li-biopesticides li amana le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lik'hemik'hale kapa ea maiketsetso, 'me ka kakaretso li bua ka chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e sireletsehileng kapa e mosa ho batho, tikoloho le tikoloho e sebelisang kapa e thehiloeng mehloling ea baeloji. Ho ea ka mohloli oa metsoako e sebetsang, li-biopesticides li ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e latelang: ea pele, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tsoang mohloling oa likokoana-hloko, ho kenyeletsoa libaktheria, li-fungus, livaerase le liphoofolo tsa tlhaho tsa baeloji (tse fetotsoeng liphatsa tsa lefutso) tse phelang le li-metabolites tsa tsona tse ntšitsoeng; Ea bobeli ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tsoang mohloling oa limela, ho kenyeletsoa limela tse phelang le li-extract tsa tsona, li-agent tse sireletsang limela (lijalo tse fetotsoeng liphatsa tsa lefutso); Ea boraro, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tsoang liphoofolong, ho kenyeletsoa le li-nematode tse phelang tsa entomopathetic, liphoofolo tse jang likokoana-hloko le tse jang liphoofolo le li-extract tsa liphoofolo (joalo ka li-pheromone). United States le linaha tse ling le tsona li arola chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e tsoang mohloling oa tlhaho oa liminerale tse kang oli ea liminerale e le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.
SEIJ ea Japane e arola li-biopesticides ka har'a li-pesticides tse phelang le li-pesticides tse phelang, 'me e arola li-pheromone, li-metabolites tse nyenyane (li-antibiotics tsa temo), li-extracts tsa limela, li-pesticides tse tsoang liminerale, li-extracts tsa liphoofolo (tse kang chefo ea arthropod), li-nanoantibodies, le li-agent tse sireletsang tse kentsoeng limela e le li-pesticides tse phelang. Mokhatlo oa Li-Cooperatives tsa Temo oa Japane o arola li-biopesticides tsa Majapane ka har'a li-arthropod tsa lira tsa tlhaho, li-nematode tsa lira tsa tlhaho, li-microorganisms le lintho tse phelang, 'me o arola Bacillus thuringiensis e sa sebetseng e le li-microorganisms 'me o qhelela ka thoko li-antibiotics tsa temo sehlopheng sa li-biopesticides. Leha ho le joalo, tsamaisong ea 'nete ea li-pesticides, li-biopesticides tsa Majapane li hlalosoa ka mokhoa o moqotetsane e le li-pesticides tse phelang tsa baeloji, ke hore, "li-agents tsa taolo ea baeloji tse kang li-microorganisms tse hanyetsanang, li-microorganisms tse bakang mafu a limela, li-microorganisms tse bakang mafu a likokoanyana, li-nematode tsa parasitic tse bakang mafu a likokoanyana, li-arthropod tse bakang mafu a likokoana-hloko le tse jang liphoofolo tse jang likokoanyana tse sebelisoang ho laola likokoanyana". Ka mantsoe a mang, dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa Majapane ke dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tse rekisang dibopuwa tse phelang tse kang dikokwana-hloko, di-nematode tsa entomopathetic le dibopuwa tsa sera sa tlhaho e le metswako e sebetsang, ha mefuta le mefuta ya dintho tse tswang tlhahong tse ngodisitsweng Japane e se tsa sehlopha sa dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides. Ho phaella moo, ho ya ka "Mehato ya Phekolo ya Diteko tsa Tekolo ya Diphetho tsa Tekolo ya Polokeho tse amanang le kopo ya Ngodiso ya dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa microbial", dibopuwa-dikokwana-hloko tse fetotsweng ka lefutso le dimela ha di tlasa taolo ya dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides Japane. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, Lefapha la Temo, Meru le Ditlhapi le lona le qadile tshebetso ya tlhahlobo botjha ya dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides mme la ntshetsa pele maemo a matjha a ho se ngodise dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides ho fokotsa monyetla wa hore tshebediso le ho ata ha dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides ho ka baka tshenyo e kgolo tikolohong kapa kgolong ya diphoofolo le dimela tikolohong e phelang.
"Lethathamo la Dihlahiswa tsa ho Jala tsa Tlhaho" le sa tswa lokollwa ke Lefapha la Temo la Japane, Meru le Ditlhapi ka 2022 le akaretsa dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsohle tsa tlhaho le dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tse ding tse tswang tlhahong. Dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa Japane ha di a lokoloha ho thehweng ha Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) le meedi e phahameng ya Masalla (MRL), tseo ka bobedi di ka sebediswang tlhahisong ya dihlahiswa tsa temo tlasa Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Kakaretso ea ngoliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana Japane
Jwalo ka naha e etellang pele ntshetsopeleng le tshebedisong ya dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides, Japane e na le sistimi e felletseng ya ngodiso ya dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko le mefuta e mengata ya ngodiso ya dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides. Ho ya ka dipalopalo tsa mongoli, ho tloha ka 2023, ho na le ditokisetso tse 99 tsa dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa baeloji tse ngodisitsweng mme di sebetsa Japane, tse kenyeletsang metswako e 47 e sebetsang, e etsang hoo e ka bang 8.5% ya metswako yohle e sebetsang ya dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tse ngodisitsweng. Har'a tsona, metswako e 35 e sebedisetswa dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko (ho kenyeletswa le dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tse 2), metswako e 12 e sebedisetswa ho sterilization, mme ha ho na dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko kapa tshebediso e meng (Setshwantsho sa 1). Le hoja di-pheromone e se tsa sehlopha sa dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides Japane, hangata di kgothaletswa le ho sebediswa mmoho le dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides e le mehlodi ya ho jala ya tlhaho.
2.1 Chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lira tsa tlhaho
Ho na le metsoako e 22 e sebetsang ea likokoana-hloko tsa tlhaho tsa sera tse ngolisitsoeng Japane, e ka aroloang ka likokoanyana tse jang likokoana-hloko, likokoanyana tse jang tse ling le likokoanyana tse jang tse ling ho latela mefuta ea baeloji le mokhoa oa ts'ebetso. Har'a tsona, likokoanyana tse jang tse ling le likokoanyana tse jang tse ling li ja likokoanyana tse kotsi bakeng sa lijo, 'me likokoanyana tse jang likokoana-hloko li beha mahe a likokoanyana tse jang likokoana-hloko 'me liboko tsa tsona tse qhotsoang li ja moamoheli' me li hola ho bolaea moamoheli. Likokoanyana tsa hymenoptera tse phelang ka har'a parasitic, tse kang aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee le Mylostomus japonicus, tse ngolisitsoeng Japane, li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho laola aphid, lintsintsi le lintsintsi tse tšoeu merohong e lengoang serapeng sa limela, 'me chrysoptera e jang liphoofolo, kokoanyana ea likokoanyana, ladybug le thrips li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho laola aphid, thrips le lintsintsi tse tšoeu merohong e lengoang serapeng sa limela. Likokoanyana tse jang tse ling li sebelisoa haholo-holo bakeng sa taolo ea sekho se sefubelu, likokoanyana tsa makhasi, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips le whitefly merohong, lipalesa, lifate tsa litholoana, linaoa le litapole tse lenngoeng ka har'a ntlo e tala, hammoho le merohong, lifateng tsa litholoana le tee e lenngoeng masimong. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Ngoliso ea lira tsa tlhaho tse kang O. sauteri ha ea ka ea nchafatsoa.
2.2 Libolaya-likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko
Ho na le mefuta e 23 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng Japane, e ka aroloang ka li-antiseptic/fungicides tse bakoang ke vaerase, li-antiseptic/fungicides tse bakoang ke baktheria le li-fungus/fungicides tse bakoang ke fungus ho latela mefuta le ts'ebeliso ea li-microorganism. Har'a tsona, li-microbial fungicides li bolaea kapa li laola likokoanyana ka ho tšoaetsa, ho ikatisa le ho ntša chefo. Li-microbial fungicides li laola libaktheria tse bakang mafu ka tlholisano ea ho kolone, ho ntša li-antimicrobial kapa metabolites tsa bobeli, le ho kenya tšebetsong khanyetso ea limela [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Li-fungus (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Li-microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, Fusarium oxysporum e seng ea pathogenic le mofuta o fokolitsoeng oa kokoana-hloko ea Pepper mild mottle, 'Me ngoliso ea li-microbial fungicides tse kang Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus le Drechslera monoceras ha lia ka tsa nchafatsoa.
2.2.1 Likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang likokoanyana
Dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa polyhedroid tse nang le granular le nuclear tse ngodisitsweng Japane di sebediswa haholoholo ho laola dikokonyana tse itseng tse kang apple ringworm, tea ringworm le tea longleaf ringworm, hammoho le Streptococcus aureus dijalong tse kang ditholwana, meroho le dinawa. Jwalo ka sebolaya-dikokwana-hloko se sebediswang haholo ke baktheria, Bacillus thuringiensis e sebediswa haholoholo ho laola dikokonyana tse senyang lepidoptera le hemiptera dijalong tse kang meroho, ditholwana, raese, ditapole le jwang. Har'a dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tse ngodisitsweng tsa fungus, Beauveria bassiana e sebediswa haholoholo ho laola dikokonyana tse senyang tse kang di-thrips, dikokonyana tse nang le sekala, dintsintsi tse tshweu, dikokonyana, di-maleshoane, ditaemane le di-aphid merohong, ditholwaneng, phaeneng le teeng. Beauveria brucei e sebediswa haholoholo ho laola dikokonyana tse senyang tse kang di-longiceps le dikokonyana difateng tsa ditholwana, difateng, angelica, dipalesa tsa ciliegia le di-mushroom tsa shiitake. Metarhizium anisopliae e sebediswang ho laola di-thrips temong ya meroho le dimango tse tala; Paecilomyces furosus le Paecilopus pectus li ne li sebelisoa ho laola ntsintsi e tšoeu, hoaba le sekho se sefubelu merohong e lengoang ea limela le fragole. Fungus e sebelisoa ho laola ntsintsi e tšoeu le thrips temong ea limela ea meroho, mango, chrysanthemums le lisiflorum.
Jwalo ka nematocide feela ya dikokwana-hloko e ngodisitsweng le e sebetsang Japane, Bacillus Pasteuris punctum e sebediswa bakeng sa taolo ya nematode ya lefito la motso merohong, ditapole le difeige.
2.2.2 Likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko
Mofuta o fokoditsweng wa kokoana-hloko ya zucchini o kang wa fungicide o mosehla wa Mosaic virus o ngodisitsweng Japane o sebediseditswe ho laola lefu la Mosaic le fusarium wilt e bakwang ke kokoana-hloko e amanang le dikomkomere. Har'a difungicide tsa baktheria tse ngodisitsweng Japane, Bacillus amylolitica e sebedisetswa ho laola mafu a fungal a kang ho bola ho sootho, hlobo e putswa, blight e ntsho, lefu la white star, powdery mildew, hlobo e ntsho, hlobo ya lekhasi, lefu la matheba, mafome a masweu le blight ya lekhasi merohong, ditholwana, dipalesa, hops le koae. Bacillus simplex e sebediseditswe ho thibela le ho phekola blight ya baktheria le blight ya raese. Bacillus subtilis e sebedisetswa ho laola mafu a baktheria le fungal a kang hlobo e putswa, powdery mildew, lefu la black star, rice blast, leaf mildew, black mildew, leaf mildew, white mildew, white mildew le bacterial mildew ya meroho, ditholwana, raese, dipalesa le dimela tsa mekhabiso, dinawa, ditapole, hops, koae le di-mushroom. Mefuta e seng ya dikokonyana tse bakang ho bola ha bonolo ya Erwenella soft bot carrot e sebediswa bakeng sa taolo ya ho bola ho bonolo le lefu la nkoka merohong, citrus, cycleen le litapole. Pseudomonas fluorescens e sebediswa ho laola ho bola, ho bola ho hotsho, ho bola ho hotsho ha baktheria le ho bola ha dipalesa merohong ya makhasi. Pseudomonas roseni e sebediswa bakeng sa taolo ya ho bola ho bonolo, ho bola ho hotsho, ho bola ho hotsho ha dipalesa, letheba la baktheria, letheba le letsho la baktheria, ho phunyeha ha baktheria, ho bola ho bonolo ha baktheria, letheba la kutu la baktheria, letheba la lekala la baktheria le nkoka ya baktheria merohong le ditholwaneng. Phagocytophage mirabile e sebediswa bakeng sa taolo ya lefu la ho ruruha ha metso ya meroho ya cruciferous, mme dibaktheria tse tshehla tsa baskete di sebediswa bakeng sa taolo ya hlobo e phofshwang, hlobo e ntsho, anthrax, hlobo ya lekhasi, hlobo e putswa, ho phatloha ha raese, letheba la baktheria, ho bola ho baktheria, streak e sootho, lefu la dipeo tse mpe le letheba la dipeo merohong, fragole le raese, mme e kgothaletsa kgolo ya metso ya dijalo. Lactobacillus plantarum e sebediswa ho laola ho bola ho bonolo merohong le litapoleng. Har'a meriana e bolaeang dikokwana-hloko e ngodisitsweng Japane, Scutellaria microscutella e sebediseditswe ho thibela le ho laola ho bola ha sclerotium merohong, ho bola ha black bolt ho scallions le konofolo. Trichoderma viridis e sebedisetswa ho laola mafu a baktheria le a fungal a kang raese blight, bacterial brown streak disease, leaf blight le raese blast, hammoho le asparagus purple streak disease le koae white silk disease.
2.3 Li-nematode tse bakang likokoana-hloko
Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea li-nematode tse bakang mafu a likokoana-hloko tse ngolisitsoeng ka katleho Japane, 'me mekhoa ea tsona ea ho bolaea likokoanyana [1-2, 11] e kenyelletsa haholo-holo tšenyo ea mechine ea tlhaselo, tšebeliso ea phepo e nepahetseng le ho senyeha ha lisele tsa lisele, le libaktheria tse ntšang chefo. Steinernema carpocapsae le S. glaseri, tse ngolisitsoeng Japane, li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho litapole tse tsoekere, mehloaare, lifeiga, lipalesa le limela tsa makhasi, lipalesa tsa ciliegia, li-plum, liperekisi, monokotšoai o mofubelu, liapole, li-mushroom, meroho, turf le ginkgo Taolo ea likokoanyana tse senyang lijalo tse kang Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica le Red fungus. Ngoliso ea entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai ha ea ka ea nchafatsoa.
3. Kakaretso le tebello
Japane, dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticides di bohlokwa bakeng sa ho netefatsa polokeho ya dijo, ho sireletsa tikoloho le mefutafuta ya diphedi, le ho boloka ntshetsopele e tsitsitseng ya temo. Ho fapana le dinaha le dibaka tse kang United States, European Union, China le Vietnam [1, 7-8], dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa Japane di hlaloswa ka mokhoa o moqotetsane e le di-agent tse phelang tsa taolo ya biocontrol tse sa fetolwang ka lefutso tse ka sebediswang e le dipehelo tsa ho jala tsa tlhaho. Hona jwale, ho na le dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tse 47 tsa baeloji tse ngodisitsweng le tse sebetsang Japane, tse leng tsa dira tsa tlhaho, dikokwana-hloko le dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tse bakang dikokwana-hloko, mme di sebediswa bakeng sa thibelo le taolo ya di-arthropod tse kotsi, dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa dimela le dikokwana-hloko temong ya dimela le dijalong tsa masimo tse kang meroho, ditholwana, raese, difate tsa tee, difate, dipalesa le dimela tsa mekhabiso le jwang. Le hoja dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsena tsa biopesticides di na le melemo ya polokeho e phahameng, kotsi e tlase ya ho hanyetsa dithethefatsi, ho ipatlisisa kapa ho fedisa dikokonyana tse senyang dikokwana-hloko maemong a matle, nako e telele ya katleho le ho boloka basebetsi, di boetse di na le mathata a kang botsitso bo fokolang, katleho e liehang, ho se tsamaisane hantle, spectrum ya taolo le nako e nyane ya tshebediso. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mefuta e fapaneng ya dijalo le dintho tsa taolo bakeng sa ho ngodisa le ho sebedisa dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticide Japane le yona e lekanyeditswe, mme e ke ke ya nkela dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa dikhemikhale sebaka ho fihlella katleho e felletseng. Ho ya ka dipalopalo [3], ka 2020, boleng ba dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa biopesticide tse sebediswang Japane bo ne bo ikarabella ho 0.8% feela, e leng se neng se le tlase haholo ho feta karolo ya palo e ngodisitsweng ya metswako e sebetsang.
Jwalo ka tataiso e ka sehloohong ya ntshetsopele ya indasteri ya dibolayadikokwanyana nakong e tlang, dibolayadikokwanyana tsa bio di ntse di fuputswa le ho ntshetswa pele mme di ngodiswa bakeng sa tlhahiso ya temo. Ha ho kopantswe le kgatelopele ya saense le theknoloji ya baeloji le ho hlahella ha monyetla wa ditjeo tsa dipatlisiso le ntshetsopele ya dibolayadikokwanyana tsa bio, ntlafatso ya polokeho ya dijo le boleng, mojaro wa tikoloho le ditlhoko tsa ntshetsopele e tswelang pele ya temo, mmaraka wa dibolayadikokwanyana wa Japane o ntse o tswela pele ho hola ka potlako. Inkwood Research e hakanya hore mmaraka wa dibolayadikokwanyana tsa bio wa Japane o tla hola ka sekgahla sa kgolo ya selemo le selemo sa 22.8% ho tloha ka 2017 ho isa ho 2025, mme ho lebelletswe hore o fihle ho $729 milione ka 2025. Ka ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha "Leano la Sistimi ya Dijo tse Tala", dibolayadikokwanyana tsa bio di sebedisetswa balemi ba Majapane.
Nako ea poso: Mots'eanong-14-2024