Citrus, semela sa lelapa la Arantioideae la lelapa la Rutaceae, ke se seng sa lijalo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, tse etsang kotara ea kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea litholoana lefatšeng.Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea lamunu, ho kenyelletsa le lamunu e nang le lekhapetla le sephara, lamunu, pomelo, litholoana tsa morara, lemone le lemone.Linaheng tse fetang 140 le libaka, ho kenyeletsoa Chaena, Brazil le United States, sebaka sa ho lema sa citrus se fihlile ho 10.5530 milione hm2, 'me tlhahiso e ne e le lithane tse limilione tse 166.3030.China ke naha e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ea tlhahiso ea li-citrus le thekiso, lilemong tsa morao tjena, sebaka sa ho lema le lihlahisoa li ntse li eketseha, ka 2022, sebaka sa hoo e ka bang 3,033,500 hm2, tlhahiso ea lithane tse limilione tse 6,039.Leha ho le joalo, indasteri ea lilamunu ea Chaena e kholo empa ha e matla, ’me United States le Brazil le linaha tse ling li na le lekhalo le leholo.
Citrus ke sefate sa litholoana se nang le sebaka se pharaletseng sa temo le boemo ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ba moruo ka boroa ho Chaena, se nang le bohlokoa bo khethehileng bakeng sa pheliso ea bofuma ba indasteri le tsosoloso ea mahaeng.Ka ntlafatso ea ts'ireletso ea tikoloho le tlhokomeliso ea bophelo bo botle le nts'etsopele ea machaba le tlhahiso-leseling ea indasteri ea citrus, butle-butle li-citrus tse tala li fetoha sebaka se chesang bakeng sa tšebeliso ea batho, 'me tlhokahalo ea phepelo e leka-lekaneng ea boleng bo phahameng, e fapaneng le ea selemo le selemo e ntse e tsoela pele. nyollelo.Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tsa morao tjena, indasteri ea citrus ea Chaena e angoa ke lintho tsa tlhaho (mocheso, pula, boleng ba mobu), theknoloji ea tlhahiso (mefuta e fapaneng, theknoloji ea temo, tlhahiso ea temo) le mokhoa oa tsamaiso, le lintlha tse ling, ho na le mathata a kang mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea molemo. le matla a mabe, a fokolang a ho thibela mafu le likokoanyana, tlhokomeliso ea brand ha e matla, mokhoa oa tsamaiso o saletse morao 'me ho rekisoa ha litholoana ka linako tsa selemo ho thata.E le ho khothalletsa tsoelo-pele e tala le ea boleng bo phahameng ba indasteri ea citrus, ho potlakile ho matlafatsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ntlafatso ea mefuta-futa, molao-motheo le theknoloji ea ho theola boima ba 'mele le ho fokotsa lithethefatsi, ho ntlafatsa boleng le katleho.Likokoana-hloko li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa potolohong ea tlhahiso ea lilamunu 'me li ama ka kotloloho chai le boleng ba lilamunu.Lilemong tsa morao tjena, khetho ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tlhahisong e tala ea citrus e thata haholo ka lebaka la boemo ba leholimo bo feteletseng le likokoanyana le joang.
Patlisiso e bobolokelong ea ngoliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea China e fumane hore ho tloha ka la 24 Phato, 2023, ho ne ho e-na le lihlahisoa tse 3,243 tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tse ngolisitsoeng maemong a sebetsang ho lamunu naheng ea China.Ho ne ho e-na le 1515chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, e etsang karolo ea 46,73% ea palo eohle ea meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng.Ho bile le li-acaricides tse 684, tse etsang 21.09%;537 dibolaya fungi, tse etsang 16.56%;dibolayalehola tse 475, tse etsang 14.65%;E ne e le 132balaoli ba kholo ea limela, e etsang karolo ea 4.07%.Chefo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana naheng ea rona e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e 5 ho tloha holimo ho ea tlase: e chefo e ngata, e chefo e ngata, e chefo e mahareng, e chefo e tlase le chefo e bobebe.Ho ne ho e-na le lihlahisoa tse chefo tse 541 tse itekanetseng, tse etsang 16.68% ea kakaretso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng.Ho ne ho e-na le lihlahisoa tse 2,494 tse nang le chefo e tlaase, tse etsang 76.90% ea palo eohle ea meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng.Ho ne ho e-na le lihlahisoa tse chefo tse 208 tse fokolang, tse etsang 6.41% ea palo eohle ea chefo e ngolisitsoeng.
1. Boemo ba ngoliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana/acaricides
Ho na le mefuta e 189 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e sebelisoang tlhahisong ea lamunu Chaena, eo e 69 ea eona e leng metsoako e sebetsang ea lethal dose e le 'ngoe le e 120 e tsoakiloeng.Palo ea meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng e ne e phahame haholo ho feta lihlopha tse ling, e le 1,515.Har'a tsona, lihlahisoa tsa 994 li ne li ngolisitsoe ka tekanyo e le 'ngoe,' me likokoana-hloko tse phahameng tsa 5 e ne e le acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), oli ea diminerale (53) le ethozole (51), e ikarabellang bakeng sa 29.70 %.Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tse 521 li ne li tsoakoa, 'me chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e 5 e holimo ka bongata e ngolisitsoeng e ne e le actinospirin (lihlahisoa tse 52), actinospirin (lihlahisoa tse 35), actinospirin (lihlahisoa tse 31), actinospirin (lihlahisoa tse 31) le dihydrazide (lihlahisoa tse 28), tse ikarabellang bakeng sa 11.68%.Joalokaha ho ka bonoa ho Lethathamo la 2, har'a lihlahisoa tse ngolisitsoeng tsa 1515, ho na le mefuta e 19 ea litekanyetso, tseo tse 3 tse holimo e leng lihlahisoa tsa emulsion (653), lihlahisoa tse emisitsoeng (518) le li-powtable tse metsi (169), tse etsang kakaretso ea 88.45 %.
Ho na le mefuta e 83 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea li-acaricides tse sebelisoang tlhahisong ea lamunu, ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e 24 ea metsoako e sebetsang e le 'ngoe le mefuta e 59 ea metsoako e sebetsang e tsoakiloeng.Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tsa 684 tsa acaricidal li ngolisitsoe (ea bobeli feela ho likokoana-hloko), tseo 476 e neng e le li-agent tse le 'ngoe, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamong la 3. Likokoana-hloko tse 4 tse ka holimo ho palo ea likokoana-hloko tse ngolisitsoeng e ne e le acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline. (63) le phenylbutin (26), e ikarabellang bakeng sa 44,59% ka kakaretso.Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tse 208 li ne li tsoakane, 'me chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ka holimo ho 4 ka palo e ngolisitsoeng e ne e le aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mineral oil (15), le Aviculin · mineral oil (13), e etsang 10.67 %.Har'a lihlahisoa tse ngolisitsoeng tse 684, ho ne ho e-na le liforomo tsa litekanyetso tsa 11, tseo tse 3 tse ka holimo e neng e le lihlahisoa tsa emulsion (330), lihlahisoa tse emisitsoeng (198) le li-powders tse metsi (124), tse etsang 95.32% ka kakaretso.
Mefuta le bongata ba litlhare tsa insecticidal/acaricidal single-dose formulations (ntle le moemeli ea emisitsoeng, microemulsion, emulsion e emisitsoeng le emulsion ea metsi) e ne e feta e tsoakiloeng.Ho ne ho e-na le mefuta e 18 ea metsoako ea tekanyo e le 'ngoe le mefuta e 9 ea metsoako e tsoakiloeng.Ho na le mefuta e 11 ea tekanyo e le 'ngoe le mefuta e 5 e tsoakiloeng ea li-acaricides.Lintho tse laolang likokoanyana tse tsoakiloeng ke Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (sekho se sefubelu), Gall mite (rust tick, rust spider), Whitefly (Whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid). , hoaba), ntsintsi e sebetsang (Orange Macropha), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), kokoana (grey weevil) le tse ling tse senyang lijalo.Lintho tse ka sehloohong tse laolang tekanyo e le 'ngoe ke Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (sekho se sefubelu), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), lintsintsi tse sebetsang (Tangerida). , Tangeridae), basebetsi ba merafong ba makhasi (mahlaku), li-leafafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), le Longicidae (Longicidae).Le tse ling tse senyang lijalo.Lintho tse laolang tsa li-acaricides tse ngolisitsoeng ke haholo mites tsa phyllodidae (sekho se sefubelu), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphid). ) joalo joalo.Ho tsoa mefuteng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng le li-acaricides haholo-holo ke chefo ea lik'hemik'hale, mefuta ea 60 le 21, ka ho latellana.Ho ne ho e-na le mefuta e 9 feela e tsoang mehloling ea baeloji le liminerale, ho kenyelletsa le neem (2) le matrine (3) ho tsoa mehloling ea limela le liphoofolo, le Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) le avermectin ( 103) ho tsoa mehloling ea likokoana-hloko.Mehloli ea liminerale ke oli ea liminerale (62), motsoako oa sebabole sa majoe (7), le lihlopha tse ling ke sodium rosin (6).
2. Ngoliso ea li-fungicides tsa lamunu
Ho na le mefuta e 117 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea lihlahisoa tsa fungicide, mefuta e 61 ea metsoako e sebetsang e le 'ngoe le mefuta e 56 ea metsoako e sebetsang e tsoakiloeng.Ho ne ho e-na le lihlahisoa tse amanang le fungicide tse 537, tseo tse 406 tsa tsona e neng e le litekanyetso tse le 'ngoe.Likokoana-hloko tse 4 tse ngolisitsoeng ka holimo e ne e le imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) le copper king (19), e etsang 29.24% ka kakaretso.Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tsa 131 li ne li tsoakane, 'me chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e 4 e phahameng e ngolisitsoe Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), le azole · imimine (7), e etsang 7.64% ka kakaretso.Joalokaha ho ka bonoa ho Lethathamo la 2, ho na le mefuta e 18 ea litekanyetso tsa lihlahisoa tse 537 tsa fungicide, tseo har'a tsona mefuta e 3 e holimo ka ho fetisisa e nang le phofo e metsi (159), sehlahisoa se emisitsoeng (148) le granule e qhalakantsoeng ka metsi (86), accounting. bakeng sa 73.18% ka kakaretso.Ho na le mefuta e 16 ea litekanyetso tse le 'ngoe tsa fungicide le mefuta e 7 ea litekanyetso tse tsoakiloeng.
Lintho tse laolang li-fungicides ke powdery mildew, lekhoo, letheba le letšo (black star), hlobo e bohlooho, canker, lefu la resin, koatsi le mafu a nako ea polokelo (rot rot, black rot, penicillium, hlobo e tala le bola ea asiti).Li-fungicides haholo-holo ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tsa lik'hemik'hale, ho na le mefuta e 41 ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lik'hemik'hale, 'me ke mefuta e 19 feela ea mehloli ea likokoana-hloko le liminerale e ngolisitsoeng, eo ho eona mehloli ea limela le liphoofolo e leng berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2 ), allicin (1), D-limonene (1).Mehloli ea likokoana-hloko e ne e le mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1).Mehloli ea liminerale ke cuprous oxide (1), morena koporo (19), motsoako oa sebabole sa majoe (6), koporo hydroxide (25), calcium koporo sulfate (11), sebabole (6), oli ea diminerale (4), sulfate ea motheo ea koporo. (7), metsi a Bordeaux (11).
3. Ngoliso ea litlama tsa lamunu
Ho na le mefuta e 20 ea metsoako e sebetsang hantle ea sebolaea-lehola, mefuta e 14 ea metsoako e sebetsang e le 'ngoe le mefuta e 6 ea metsoako e sebetsang hantle.Palomoka ya dihlahiswa tse 475 tsa dibolayalehola di ngodisitswe, ho kenyeletswa diakgente tse le mong tse 467 le tse 8 tse tswakilweng.Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo la 5, li-herbicides tse 5 tse ka sehloohong tse ngolisitsoeng e ne e le glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) le glyphosate e ntle ea ammonium ammonium (6), e etsang 94.95% ka kakaretso.Joalokaha ho ka bonoa ho Lethathamo la 2, ho na le mefuta ea 7 ea li-herbicides, tseo tse 3 tsa pele e leng lihlahisoa tsa metsi (302), lihlahisoa tsa granule tse qhibilihang (78) le lihlahisoa tsa phofo tse qhibilihang (69), tse etsang 94.53% ka kakaretso.Mabapi le mefuta ea lintho tse phelang, libolaea-lehola tse 20 kaofela li ile tsa etsoa ka lik’hemik’hale, ’me ha ho lihlahisoa tsa baeloji tse ngolisitsoeng.
4. Ngoliso ea balaoli ba kholo ea lilamunu
Ho na le mefuta e 35 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea taolo ea kholo ea limela, ho kenyelletsa le mefuta e 19 ea li-agent tse le 'ngoe le tse 16 tsa li-agent tse tsoakiloeng.Ho na le lihlahisoa tse laolang kholo ea limela tse 132 ka kakaretso, tseo tse 100 tsa tsona e leng tekanyo e le 'ngoe.Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo la 6, balaoli ba ka holimo ba 5 ba ngolisitsoeng ba kholo ea citrus e ne e le gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) le S-inducidin (5), e etsang 59.85% ka kakaretso. .Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tsa 32 li ne li tsoakane, 'me lihlahisoa tse ka holimo tsa 3 tse ngolisitsoeng e ne e le benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) le 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), e etsang 10.61% ho kakaretso.Joalokaha ho ka bonoa ho Lethathamo la 2, ho na le mefuta eohle ea litekanyetso tsa 13 tsa balaoli ba kholo ea limela, tseo har'a tsona tse 3 tse holimo e leng lihlahisoa tse solubilizable (52), lihlahisoa tsa tranelate (19) le lihlahisoa tsa phofo tse qhibilihang (13), tse etsang 63.64% ka kakaretso.Mesebetsi ea balaoli ba kholo ea limela ke haholo-holo ho laola kholo, ho laola letlobo, ho boloka litholoana, ho khothalletsa kholo ea litholoana, ho atolosa, mebala, ho eketsa tlhahiso le paballo.Ho ea ka mefuta e ngolisitsoeng, balaoli ba kholo ba kholo ea limela e ne e le motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale, ka kakaretso ea mefuta e 14, le mefuta e 5 feela ea mehloli ea likokoana-hloko, eo ho eona mehloli ea likokoana-hloko e neng e le S-allantoin (5), le lihlahisoa tsa biochemical e ne e le gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) le brassinolactone (1).
4. Ngoliso ea balaoli ba kholo ea lilamunu
Ho na le mefuta e 35 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea taolo ea kholo ea limela, ho kenyelletsa le mefuta e 19 ea li-agent tse le 'ngoe le tse 16 tsa li-agent tse tsoakiloeng.Ho na le lihlahisoa tse laolang kholo ea limela tse 132 ka kakaretso, tseo tse 100 tsa tsona e leng tekanyo e le 'ngoe.Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo la 6, balaoli ba ka holimo ba 5 ba ngolisitsoeng ba kholo ea citrus e ne e le gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) le S-inducidin (5), e etsang 59.85% ka kakaretso. .Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tsa 32 li ne li tsoakane, 'me lihlahisoa tse ka holimo tsa 3 tse ngolisitsoeng e ne e le benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) le 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), e etsang 10.61% ho kakaretso.Joalokaha ho ka bonoa ho Lethathamo la 2, ho na le mefuta eohle ea litekanyetso tsa 13 tsa balaoli ba kholo ea limela, tseo har'a tsona tse 3 tse holimo e leng lihlahisoa tse solubilizable (52), lihlahisoa tsa tranelate (19) le lihlahisoa tsa phofo tse qhibilihang (13), tse etsang 63.64% ka kakaretso.Mesebetsi ea balaoli ba kholo ea limela ke haholo-holo ho laola kholo, ho laola letlobo, ho boloka litholoana, ho khothalletsa kholo ea litholoana, ho atolosa, mebala, ho eketsa tlhahiso le paballo.Ho ea ka mefuta e ngolisitsoeng, balaoli ba kholo ba kholo ea limela e ne e le motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale, ka kakaretso ea mefuta e 14, le mefuta e 5 feela ea mehloli ea likokoana-hloko, eo ho eona mehloli ea likokoana-hloko e neng e le S-allantoin (5), le lihlahisoa tsa biochemical e ne e le gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) le brassinolactone (1).
Nako ea poso: Jun-24-2024