Citrus, semela sa lelapa la Arantioideae la lelapa la Rutaceae, ke se seng sa lijalo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, se etsang kotara ea tlhahiso eohle ea litholoana lefatšeng. Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea citrus, ho kenyeletsoa citrus e nang le peel e kholo, lamunu, pomelo, grapefruit, lemon le lemon. Linaheng le libakeng tse fetang 140, ho kenyeletsoa Chaena, Brazil le United States, sebaka sa ho lema citrus se fihlile ho 10.5530 milione hm2, 'me tlhahiso e ne e le lithane tse limilione tse 166.3030. Chaena ke naha e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ea tlhahiso le thekiso ea citrus, lilemong tsa morao tjena, sebaka sa ho lema le tlhahiso li ntse li eketseha, ka 2022, sebaka sa hoo e ka bang 3,033,500 hm2, tlhahiso ea lithane tse limilione tse 6,039. Leha ho le joalo, indasteri ea citrus ea Chaena e kholo empa ha e matla, 'me United States le Brazil le linaha tse ling li na le sekheo se seholo.
Citrus ke sefate sa litholoana se nang le sebaka se seholo sa temo le boemo ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ba moruo ka boroa ho Chaena, se nang le bohlokoa bo ikhethang bakeng sa ho fokotsa bofuma ba indasteri le ho tsosolosa mahaeng. Ka ntlafatso ea tšireletso ea tikoloho le temoso ea bophelo bo botle le nts'etsopele ea machaba le tlhahisoleseling ea indasteri ea citrus, citrus e tala le ea tlhaho butle-butle e fetoha sebaka se chesang bakeng sa tšebeliso ea batho, 'me tlhoko ea phepelo ea boleng bo holimo, e fapaneng le e leka-lekaneng ea selemo le selemo e ntse e eketseha. Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tsa morao tjena, indasteri ea citrus ea Chaena e angoa ke mabaka a tlhaho (mocheso, pula, boleng ba mobu), theknoloji ea tlhahiso (mefuta, theknoloji ea temo, tlhahiso ea temo) le mokhoa oa tsamaiso, le mabaka a mang, ho na le mathata a kang mefuta e metle le e mebe, bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho thibela mafu le likokoanyana, temoso ea lets'oao ha e matla, mokhoa oa tsamaiso o saletse morao 'me ho rekisoa ha litholoana tsa linako tsa selemo ho thata. E le ho khothaletsa nts'etsopele e tala le ea boleng bo holimo ea indasteri ea citrus, ho potlakile ho matlafatsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ntlafatso ea mefuta-futa, molao-motheo le theknoloji ea ho theola boima ba 'mele le phokotso ea lithethefatsi, ntlafatso ea boleng le katleho. Libolaya-likokoana-hloko li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa potolohong ea tlhahiso ea citrus 'me li ama ka kotloloho chai le boleng ba citrus. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, khetho ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tlhahisong e tala ea citrus e thata haholo ka lebaka la boemo ba leholimo bo feteletseng le likokoanyana le joang.
Patlisiso e entsoeng polokelongtshedimosetsong ya ngodiso ya dibolaya-dikokwanyana ya China Pesticide Information Network e fumane hore ho tloha ka la 24 Phato 2023, ho ne ho ena le dihlahiswa tse 3,243 tsa dibolaya-dikokwanyana tse ngodisitsweng boemong bo sebetsang hodima dilamunu Chaena. Ho ne ho ena le tse 1515chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, e etsang 46.73% ea palo eohle ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng. Ho ne ho e-na le li-acaricides tse 684, tse etsang 21.09%; Li-fungicides tse 537, tse etsang 16.56%; Li-herbicides tse 475, tse etsang 14.65%; Ho ne ho e-na le tse 132balaoli ba kholo ea limela, e etsang 4.07%. Chefo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana naheng ea rona e arotsoe ka maemo a 5 ho tloha holimo ho ea tlase: chefo e ngata, chefo e ngata, chefo e mahareng, chefo e tlase le chefo e bobebe. Ho ne ho e-na le lihlahisoa tse 541 tse chefo e itekanetseng, tse etsang 16.68% ea kakaretso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng. Ho ne ho e-na le lihlahisoa tse 2,494 tse chefo e tlase, tse etsang 76.90% ea palo eohle ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng. Ho ne ho e-na le lihlahisoa tse 208 tse chefo e nyenyane, tse etsang 6.41% ea palo eohle ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng.
1. Boemo ba ngoliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana/li-acaricides tsa citrus
Ho na le mefuta e 189 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea likokoanyana e sebelisoang tlhahisong ea citrus Chaena, eo ho eona e 69 e leng metsoako e sebetsang ea tekanyo e le 'ngoe 'me e 120 ke metsoako e sebetsang e tsoakiloeng. Palo ea meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng e ne e le holimo haholo ho feta lihlopha tse ling, e leng kakaretso ea 1,515. Har'a tsona, lihlahisoa tse 994 kaofela li ngolisitsoe ka tekanyo e le 'ngoe, 'me meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e 5 e ka sehloohong e ne e le acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), oli ea diminerale (53) le ethozole (51), e etsang 29.70%. Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tse 521 e ne e tsoakiloe, 'me meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e 5 e ka sehloohong ka bongata bo ngolisitsoeng e ne e le actinospirin (lihlahisoa tse 52), actinospirin (lihlahisoa tse 35), actinospirin (lihlahisoa tse 31), actinospirin (lihlahisoa tse 31) le dihydrazide (lihlahisoa tse 28), e etsang 11.68%. Jwalo ka ha ho ka bonwa ho tsoa Tafoleng ya 2, hara dihlahiswa tse 1515 tse ngodisitsweng, ho na le diforomo tse 19 tsa tekanyo, tseo tse 3 tse ka hodimo e leng dihlahiswa tsa emulsion (653), dihlahiswa tsa ho emisoa (518) le phofo e metsi (169), e etsang kakaretso ya 88.45%.
Ho na le mefuta e 83 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea li-acaricides e sebelisoang tlhahisong ea citrus, ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e 24 ea metsoako e sebetsang e le 'ngoe le mefuta e 59 ea metsoako e sebetsang e tsoakiloeng. Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tse 684 tsa acaricidal li ngolisitsoe (tsa bobeli ho latela meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana), tseo tse 476 ho tsona e neng e le metsoako e le 'ngoe, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe Tafoleng ea 3. Meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e 4 e ka sehloohong palong ea meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngolisitsoeng e ne e le acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) le phenylbutin (26), e etsang 44.59% ka kakaretso. Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tse 208 e ne e tsoakiloe, 'me meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e 4 e ka sehloohong palong e ngolisitsoeng e ne e le aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · oli ea diminerale (15), le Aviculin · oli ea diminerale (13), e etsang 10.67%. Har'a lihlahisoa tse 684 tse ngolisitsoeng, ho ne ho e-na le mefuta e 11 ea litekanyetso, tseo tse 3 tse holimo e neng e le lihlahisoa tsa emulsion (330), lihlahisoa tsa ho emisoa (198) le phofo ea metsi (124), e leng se etsang 95.32% ka kakaretso.
Mefuta le bongata ba metsoako e bolaeang likokoanyana/e bolaeang likokoanyana e le 'ngoe (ntle le moemeli ea emisitsoeng, microemulsion, emulsion e emisitsoeng le emulsion ea metsi) e ne e le mengata ho feta e tsoakiloeng. Ho ne ho e-na le mefuta e 18 ea metsoako e le 'ngoe le mefuta e 9 ea metsoako e tsoakiloeng. Ho na le mefuta e 11 ea metsoako e tsoakiloeng ea acaricides e le 'ngoe le e 5 e tsoakiloeng. Lintho tse laoloang ke meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e tsoakiloeng ke Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (sekho se sefubelu), Gall mite (rust tick, rust spider), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid, aphids), practical fly (Orange Macropha), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), weevil (grey weevil) le tse ling tse senyang lijalo. Dintho tse ka sehloohong tse laolwang ke tekanyo e le nngwe ke Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (sekho se sefubelu), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphididae), ntsintsi tse sebetsang (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), merafo ya mahlaku (leafleafers), merafo ya mahlaku (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), le Longicidae (Longicidae). Le dikokonyana tse ding. Dintho tse laolwang ke di-acaricides tse ngodisitsweng haholoholo ke dikokonyana tsa phyllodidae (sekho se sefubelu), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), moth ya merafo ya mahlaku (morafo wa mahlaku), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphid) jj. Ho tswa mefuteng ya dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tse ngodisitsweng le di-acaricides haholoholo ke dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa dikhemikhale, mefuta e 60 le 21, ka ho latellana. Ho ne ho e-na le mefuta e 9 feela e tsoang mehloling ea baeloji le ea liminerale, ho kenyeletsoa neem (2) le matrine (3) e tsoang mehloling ea limela le liphoofolo, le Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) le avermectin (103) e tsoang mehloling ea likokoana-hloko. Mehloli ea liminerale ke oli ea liminerale (62), motsoako oa sebabole sa majoe (7), 'me mekhahlelo e meng ke sodium rosin (6).
2. Ngoliso ea li-fungicide tsa citrus
Ho na le mefuta e 117 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea lihlahisoa tsa fungicide, mefuta e 61 ea metsoako e sebetsang e le 'ngoe le mefuta e 56 ea metsoako e kopaneng e sebetsang. Ho ne ho e-na le lihlahisoa tse 537 tse amanang le fungicide, tseo ho tsona tse 406 e neng e le tekanyo e le 'ngoe. Libolaya-likokoana-hloko tse 4 tse ngolisitsoeng ka holimo e ne e le imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) le copper king (19), tse etsang 29.24% ka kakaretso. Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tse 131 e ne e tsoakiloe, 'me likokoanyana tse 4 tse holimo tse ngolisitsoeng e ne e le Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), le azole · imimine (7), tse etsang 7.64% ka kakaretso. Joalokaha ho ka bonoa ho tsoa Tafoleng ea 2, ho na le mefuta e 18 ea litekanyetso tsa lihlahisoa tse 537 tsa fungicide, tseo har'a tsona mefuta e 3 e holimo e nang le palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ke phofo e metsi (159), sehlahisoa sa ho emisoa (148) le granule e hasantsoeng ka metsi (86), e etsang 73.18% ka kakaretso. Ho na le mefuta e 16 ea tekanyo e le 'ngoe ea fungicide le mefuta e 7 e tsoakiloeng ea tekanyo.
Lintho tse laolang dibolaya-fungus ke hlobo e phofshoana, letheba, letheba le letsho (naleli e ntšo), hlobo e putsoa, canker, lefu la resin, anthrax le mafu a nako ya polokelo (ho bola ha metso, ho bola ho hotsho, penicillium, hlobo e tala le ho bola ha asiti). Dibolaya-fungi ke dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa dikhemikhale haholo-holo, ho na le mefuta e 41 ya dibolaya-dikokwana-hloko tsa maiketsetso tsa dikhemikhale, mme ke mefuta e 19 feela ya mehlodi ya diphedi le ya diminerale e ngodisitsweng, eo hara yona mehlodi ya dimela le diphoofolo e leng berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Mehlodi ya dikokwana-hloko e ne e le mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Mehlodi ya diminerale ke cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), stone sulfur mix (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sebabole (6), oli ya diminerale (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Ngoliso ea meriana e bolaeang limela ea citrus
Ho na le mefuta e 20 ea metsoako e sebetsang hantle ea litlama, mefuta e 14 ea metsoako e sebetsang hantle ea ntho e le 'ngoe le mefuta e 6 ea metsoako e sebetsang hantle ea ntho e tsoakiloeng. Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tsa litlama tse 475 e ngolisitsoe, ho kenyeletsoa metsoako e le 'ngoe e 467 le metsoako e 8 e tsoakiloeng. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Tafoleng ea 5, meriana e 5 e holimo e ngolisitsoeng e ne e le glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) le glyphosate ammonium ammonium e ntle ea glyphosate (6), e etsang 94.95% ka kakaretso. Joalokaha ho ka bonoa Tafoleng ea 2, ho na le mefuta e 7 ea litekanyetso tsa meriana e bolaeang litlama, eo ea pele e 3 e leng lihlahisoa tsa metsi (302), lihlahisoa tsa granule tse qhibilihang (78) le lihlahisoa tsa phofo e qhibilihang (69), e etsang 94.53% ka kakaretso. Mabapi le mefuta, meriana eohle e 20 e bolaeang litlama e entsoe ka lik'hemik'hale, 'me ha ho lihlahisoa tsa baeloji tse ngolisitsoeng.
4. Ngoliso ea balaoli ba kholo ea citrus
Ho na le mefuta e 35 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea balaoli ba kholo ea limela, ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e 19 ea li-agent tse le 'ngoe le mefuta e 16 ea li-agent tse tsoakiloeng. Ho na le lihlahisoa tse 132 tsa balaoli ba kholo ea limela ka kakaretso, tseo tse 100 tsa tsona e leng tekanyo e le 'ngoe. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Tafoleng ea 6, balaoli ba kholo ba 5 ba ngolisitsoeng ba kholo ea citrus e ne e le gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) le S-inducidin (5), tse etsang 59.85% ka kakaretso. Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tse 32 e ne e tsoakiloe, 'me lihlahisoa tse 3 tse holimo tse ngolisitsoeng e ne e le benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) le 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), tse etsang 10.61% ka kakaretso. Jwalo ka ha ho ka bonwa ho tsoa Tafoleng ya 2, ho na le mefuta e 13 ya tekanyo ya balaodi ba kgolo ya dimela, eo hara yona tse 3 tse ka hodimo e leng dihlahiswa tse qhibilihang (52), dihlahiswa tsa tranelate (19) le dihlahiswa tsa phofo e qhibilihang (13), tse etsang 63.64% ka kakaretso. Mesebetsi ya balaodi ba kgolo ya dimela ke haholoholo ho laola kgolo, ho laola ho thunya, ho boloka ditholwana, ho kgothaletsa kgolo ya ditholwana, katoloso, ho daya mmala, ho eketsa tlhahiso le paballo. Ho ya ka mofuta o ngodisitsweng, balaodi ba ka sehloohong ba kgolo ya dimela e ne e le tlhahiso ya dikhemikhale, ka kakaretso ya mefuta e 14, mme ke mefuta e 5 feela ya mehlodi ya baeloji, eo hara yona mehlodi ya dikokwana-hloko e neng e le S-allantoin (5), mme dihlahiswa tsa biochemical e ne e le gibberellanic acid (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) le brassinolactone (1).
4. Ngoliso ea balaoli ba kholo ea citrus
Ho na le mefuta e 35 ea metsoako e sebetsang ea balaoli ba kholo ea limela, ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e 19 ea li-agent tse le 'ngoe le mefuta e 16 ea li-agent tse tsoakiloeng. Ho na le lihlahisoa tse 132 tsa balaoli ba kholo ea limela ka kakaretso, tseo tse 100 tsa tsona e leng tekanyo e le 'ngoe. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Tafoleng ea 6, balaoli ba kholo ba 5 ba ngolisitsoeng ba kholo ea citrus e ne e le gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) le S-inducidin (5), tse etsang 59.85% ka kakaretso. Kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tse 32 e ne e tsoakiloe, 'me lihlahisoa tse 3 tse holimo tse ngolisitsoeng e ne e le benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) le 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), tse etsang 10.61% ka kakaretso. Jwalo ka ha ho ka bonwa ho tsoa Tafoleng ya 2, ho na le mefuta e 13 ya tekanyo ya balaodi ba kgolo ya dimela, eo hara yona tse 3 tse ka hodimo e leng dihlahiswa tse qhibilihang (52), dihlahiswa tsa tranelate (19) le dihlahiswa tsa phofo e qhibilihang (13), tse etsang 63.64% ka kakaretso. Mesebetsi ya balaodi ba kgolo ya dimela ke haholoholo ho laola kgolo, ho laola ho thunya, ho boloka ditholwana, ho kgothaletsa kgolo ya ditholwana, katoloso, ho daya mmala, ho eketsa tlhahiso le paballo. Ho ya ka mofuta o ngodisitsweng, balaodi ba ka sehloohong ba kgolo ya dimela e ne e le tlhahiso ya dikhemikhale, ka kakaretso ya mefuta e 14, mme ke mefuta e 5 feela ya mehlodi ya baeloji, eo hara yona mehlodi ya dikokwana-hloko e neng e le S-allantoin (5), mme dihlahiswa tsa biochemical e ne e le gibberellanic acid (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) le brassinolactone (1).
Nako ea poso: Phuptjane-24-2024