Tšusumetso ea synergistic ea oli ea bohlokoa ho batho ba baholo e eketsa chefo ea permethrin khahlanong le Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) |

Morerong o fetileng oa tlhahlobo ea limela tsa sebakeng sa ho lokisa lijo bakeng sa menoang Thailand, oli ea bohlokoa (EOs) ea Cyperus rotundus, galangal le sinamone e fumanoe e na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho thibela menoang khahlanong le Aedes aegypti.Ka ho leka ho fokotsa tshebediso ya setsomeriana e bolaeang likokoanyanale ho ntlafatsa taolo ea batho ba nang le menoang e manganga, phuputso ena e ne e reretsoe ho khetholla ho ka 'na ha e-ba le synergism pakeng tsa liphello tsa batho ba baholo ba ethylene oxide le chefo ea permethrin ho menoang ea Aedes.aegypti, ho kenyelletsa le mefuta e hanyetsanang le pyrethroid le e nang le kutlo.
Ho lekola ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea ea EO e ntšitsoeng ho li-rhizomes tsa C. rotundus le A. galanga le makhapetla a C. verum khahlanong le mofuta oa Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) le mofuta o hanyetsanang oa Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R) ).) Motho e moholo ea mafolofolo Ae.Aedes Egepeta.Tlhahlobo ea batho ba baholo ba motsoako oa EO-permethrin e ile ea boela ea etsoa ho menoang ena ea Aedes ho utloisisa mosebetsi oa eona oa synergistic.mefuta ea Egepeta.
Tlhaloso ea lik'hemik'hale e sebelisang mokhoa oa ho hlahloba GC-MS e bontšitse hore metsoako ea 48 e ile ea khetholloa ho tloha ho EOs ea C. rotundus, A. galanga le C. verum, e leng karolo ea 80.22%, 86.75% le 97.24% ea likarolo tsohle, ka ho latellana.Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), le cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ke likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa oli ea cyperus, oli ea galangal le oli ea balsame, ka ho latellana.Litlhahlobong tsa likokoana-hloko tsa batho ba baholo ba bolaeang, C. rotundus, A. galanga le C. verum EVs li ile tsa atleha ho bolaea Ae.aegypti, MCM-S le PMD-R LD50 boleng e ne e le 10.05 le 9.57 μg/mg basali, 7.97 le 7.94 μg/mg basali, le 3.30 le 3.22 μg/mg basali, ka ho latellana.Ho sebetsa hantle ha MCM-S le PMD-R Ae ho bolaee batho ba baholo.aegypti ho li-EO tsena e ne e le haufi le piperonyl butoxide (litekanyetso tsa PBO, LD50 = 6.30 le 4.79 μg/mg basali, ka ho latellana), empa e sa phatlalatsoe e le permethrin (litekanyetso tsa LD50 = 0.44 le 3.70 ng / mg basali ka ho latellana).Leha ho le joalo, li-bioassays tse kopantsoeng li fumane synergy pakeng tsa EO le permetrin.Tšebelisano ea bohlokoa le permethrin khahlano le mefuta e 'meli ea menoang ea Aedes.Aedes aegypti e ile ea hlokomeloa ho EM ea C. rotundus le A. galanga.Keketso ea oli ea C. rotundus le A. galanga e fokolitse haholo boleng ba LD50 ea permetrin ho MCM-S ho tloha 0.44 ho isa 0.07 ng/mg le 0.11 ng/mg ho basali, ka ho latellana, ka boleng ba synergy ratio (SR) ea 6.28 le 4.00 ka ho latellana.Ntle le moo, C. rotundus le A. galanga EOs le tsona li fokolitse haholo boleng ba LD50 ea permetrin ho PMD-R ho tloha 3.70 ho isa 0.42 ng/mg le 0.003 ng/mg ho basali, ka ho latellana, ka boleng ba SR ea 8.81 le 1233.33, ka ho latellana..
Tšusumetso ea Synergistic ea motsoako oa EO-permetrin ho matlafatsa chefo ea batho ba baholo khahlanong le mefuta e 'meli ea menoang ea Aedes.Aedes aegypti e bontša karolo e tšepisang bakeng sa ethylene oxide e le synergist ho ntlafatsa katleho ea anti-mosquito, haholo-holo moo metsoako ea setso e sa sebetseng kapa e sa lokelang.
Monoang oa Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa feberu ea dengue le mafu a mang a tšoaetsanoang a kokoana-hloko a kang yellow fever, chikungunya le kokoana-hloko ea Zika, e leng kotsi e kholo le e phehellang ho batho[1,2]..Kokoana-hloko ea Dengue ke feberu e matla ka ho fetisisa ea pathogenic hemorrhagic fever e amang batho, 'me ho hakanngoa hore ho na le linyeoe tse limilione tse 5-100 selemo le selemo le batho ba fetang limilione tse likete tse 2.5 lefatšeng ka bophara ba kotsing.Ho qhoma ha lefu lena le tšoaetsanoang ho beha moroalo o moholo ho baahi, litsamaiso tsa bophelo bo botle le moruo oa linaha tse ngata tsa tropike [1].Ho ea ka Lekala la Bophelo la Thai, ho ne ho e-na le linyeoe tse 142,925 tsa feberu ea dengue le mafu a 141 a tlalehiloeng naheng ka bophara ka 2015, ho feta makhetlo a mararo palo ea linyeoe le lefu ka 2014 [4].Ho sa tsotellehe bopaki ba histori, feberu ea dengue e felisitsoe kapa e fokotsoe haholo ke monoang oa Aedes.Ka mor'a taolo ea Aedes aegypti [5], litekanyetso tsa ts'oaetso li ile tsa eketseha haholo 'me lefu lena le ile la ata lefatšeng lohle, ka lebaka la karolo e itseng ea lilemo tse mashome tsa ho futhumala ha lefatše.Pheliso le taolo ea Ae.Aedes aegypti e batla e le boima ka lebaka la hore ke sefuba sa monoang sa malapeng se nyalanang, se fepang, se phomotsang le ho behela mahe ka hare le ho pota-pota moo batho ba lulang teng motšehare.Ho phaella moo, monoang ona o na le matla a ho ikamahanya le liphetoho tsa tikoloho kapa litšitiso tse bakoang ke liketsahalo tsa tlhaho (tse kang komello) kapa mehato ea ho laola batho, 'me e ka khutlela linomoro tsa eona tsa pele [6, 7].Kaha liente tse thibelang feberu ea dengue li sa tsoa amoheloa ’me ha ho na phekolo e tobileng bakeng sa feberu ea dengue, ho thibela le ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho tšoaetsana ha dengue ho itšetlehile ka ho feletseng ka ho laola lintho tse jalang menoang le ho felisa ho kopana ha batho le likokoana-hloko.
Haholo-holo, tšebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa taolo ea menoang hona joale e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho bophelo bo botle ba sechaba e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea tsamaiso e pharaletseng e kopanetsoeng ea li-vector.Mekhoa e tsebahalang haholo ea lik'hemik'hale e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea chefo e chefo e tlase e sebetsang khahlanong le li-larvae tsa menoang (larvicides) le menoang ea batho ba baholo (adidocides).Taolo ea larval ka ho fokotsa mehloli le tšebeliso ea kamehla ea li-larvicides tsa lik'hemik'hale tse kang organophosphates le taolo ea kholo ea likokoanyana e nkoa e le ea bohlokoa.Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tse mpe tsa tikoloho tse amanang le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le tlhokomelo ea tsona e boima le e rarahaneng e ntse e le taba e kholo [8, 9].Taolo ea li-vector e tloaelehileng, joalo ka taolo ea batho ba baholo, e ntse e le mokhoa o sebetsang ka ho fetesisa oa taolo nakong ea ho phatloha ha kokoana-hloko hobane e ka felisa likokoana-hloko tsa mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka potlako le ka tekanyo e kholo, hammoho le ho fokotsa nako ea bophelo le nako e telele ea batho ba moo ba phelang teng [3]., 10].Lihlopha tse 'nè tsa likokoana-hloko tsa lik'hemik'hale: organochlorines (e bitsoang feela DDT), organophosphates, carbamates, le pyrethroids li theha motheo oa mananeo a ho laola likokoana-hloko,' me li-pyrethroids li nkoa e le sehlopha se atlehileng ka ho fetisisa.Li sebetsa haholo khahlano le li-arthropods tse fapaneng 'me li na le katleho e tlase.chefo ho liphoofolo tse anyesang.Hajoale, li-pyrethroids tsa maiketsetso li etsa boholo ba chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, e etsang karolo ea 25% ea 'maraka oa lefats'e oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana [11, 12].Permethrin le deltamethrin ke likokoana-hloko tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea pyrethroid e 'nileng ea sebelisoa lefatšeng ka bophara ka lilemo tse mashome ho laola mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoanyana tsa bohlokoa tsa temo le tsa bongaka [13, 14].Lilemong tsa bo-1950, DDT e ile ea khethoa e le k'hemik'hale ea khetho bakeng sa lenaneo la naha la Thailand la taolo ea menoang ea sechaba.Ka mor'a tšebeliso e atileng ea DDT libakeng tse nang le malaria, Thailand butle-butle e ile ea felisa tšebeliso ea DDT pakeng tsa 1995 le 2000 'me ea e nkela sebaka ka li-pyrethroids tse peli: permethrin le deltamethrin [15, 16].Likokoana-hloko tsena tsa pyrethroid li ile tsa hlahisoa mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990 ho laola malaria le feberu ea dengue, haholo-holo ka phekolo ea marang-rang le tšebeliso ea moholi o chesang le li-sprays tse nang le chefo e tlaase haholo [14, 17].Leha ho le joalo, ba lahlehetsoe ke katleho ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa menoang e matla le ho hloka ho latela sechaba ka lebaka la ho tšoenyeha ka bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le phello ea tikoloho ea lik'hemik'hale tsa maiketsetso.Sena se baka mathata a bohlokoa katlehong ea mananeo a taolo ea li-vector [14, 18, 19].Ho etsa hore leano lena le atlehe haholoanyane, ho hlokahala mehato e nakong le e loketseng ea ho loantša.Mekhoa ea tsamaiso e khothalelitsoeng e kenyelletsa ho nkela lintho tsa tlhaho sebaka, ho potoloha ha lik'hemik'hale tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng, ho eketsoa ha li-synergists, le ho kopanya lik'hemik'hale kapa tšebeliso ea nako e le 'ngoe ea lik'hemik'hale tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng [14,20,21].Ka hona, ho na le tlhoko e potlakileng ea ho fumana le ho nts'etsapele mokhoa oa ho sebelisana hantle le tikoloho, o loketseng le o sebetsang hantle 'me boithuto bona bo ikemiselitse ho sebetsana le tlhoko ena.
Likokoana-hloko tse nkiloeng ka tlhaho, haholo-holo tse thehiloeng likarolong tsa limela, li bontšitse bokhoni ba ho hlahloba mekhoa e meng ea ho laola menoang ea hona joale le ea nakong e tlang [22, 23, 24].Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore hoa khoneha ho laola likokoana-hloko tsa menoang tsa bohlokoa ka ho sebelisa lihlahisoa tsa limela, haholo-holo oli ea bohlokoa (EOs), e le babolai ba baholo.Lintho tse nang le botsofali khahlanong le mefuta e meng ea bohlokoa ea menoang li fumanoe ka oli e mengata ea meroho e kang celery, kumine, zedoaria, anise, pepere ea pipe, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioiptichoiptus planch, Comopogon schoenanthus. ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata le Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].Hona joale ethylene oxide ha e sebelisoe feela ka boeona, empa hape e kopantsoe le lintho tsa limela tse nkiloeng kapa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e teng, e hlahisang chefo e fapaneng.Metsoako ea likokoana-hloko tse tloaelehileng tse kang organophosphates, carbamates le pyrethroids tse nang le ethylene oxide / li-extracts tsa semela li sebetsa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang kapa o hanyetsang liphellong tsa tsona tse chefo 'me li bontšitsoe hore li sebetsa khahlanong le likokoana-hloko tsa mafu le tse senyang lijalo [31,32,33,34,35].Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse ngata mabapi le litlamorao tse chefo tsa motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale tsa phytochemicals tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tsa maiketsetso tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tse entsoeng kapa tse se nang tsona li 'nile tsa etsoa ho likokoana-hloko le likokoanyana tsa temo ho e-na le menoang ea bohlokoa ho tsa bongaka.Ho feta moo, boholo ba mosebetsi oa liphello tsa synergistic tsa motsoako oa limela-synthetic likokoanyana khahlanong le likokoana-hloko tsa menoang o tsepamisitse maikutlo ho phello ea larvicidal.
Phuputsong e fetileng e entsoeng ke bangoli e le karolo ea morero o tsoelang pele oa ho hlahloba li-intimicide tse tsoang limela tsa lijo tsa matsoalloa a Thailand, li-ethylene oxides tse tsoang Cyperus rotundus, galangal le cinnamon li fumanoe li e-na le ts'ebetso e ka 'nang ea e-ba teng khahlanong le Aedes e moholo.Egepeta [36].Ka hona, thuto ena e ne e reretsoe ho hlahloba katleho ea li-EO tse arohaneng le limela tsena tsa meriana khahlanong le menoang ea Aedes.aegypti, ho kenyelletsa le mefuta e hanyetsanang le pyrethroid le e nang le kutlo.Phello ea synergistic ea metsoako ea binary ea ethylene oxide le li-pyrethroids tsa maiketsetso tse nang le katleho e ntle ho batho ba baholo li boetse li hlahlobiloe ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea likokoanyana tse tloaelehileng le ho eketsa ho hanyetsa likokoana-hloko tsa menoang, haholo-holo khahlanong le Aedes.Aedes Egepeta.Sengoliloeng sena se tlaleha sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa oli ea bohlokoa le bokhoni ba tsona ba ho ntlafatsa chefo ea maiketsetso a permetrin khahlano le menoang ea Aedes.aegypti ka har'a mefuta e hlabang ea pyrethroid (MCM-S) le mefuta e hanyetsanang (PMD-R).
Li-Rhizomes tsa C. rotundus le A. galanga le makhapetla a C. verum (setšoantšo sa 1) tse sebelisetsoang ho ntša oli ea bohlokoa li ile tsa rekoa ho bafani ba meriana ea litlama Profinseng ea Chiang Mai, Thailand.Boitsebiso ba saense ba limela tsena bo ile ba finyelloa ka ho buisana le Monghali James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Lefapha la Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Profinseng ea Chiang Mai, Thailand, le rasaense Wannari Charoensap;Lefapheng la Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, Ms. Voucher disampole tsa semela ka seng di bolokwa Lefapheng la Parasitology ho Carnegie Mellon University School of Medicine bakeng sa tshebediso ya nako e tlang.
Mehlala ea limela e ile ea omisoa ka moriti ka bonngoe ka matsatsi a 3-5 sebakeng se bulehileng se nang le moea o matla le mocheso o ka bang 30 ± 5 °C ho tlosa mongobo pele ho ntšoa oli ea tlhaho ea bohlokoa (EOs).Kakaretso ea 250 g ea semela se seng le se seng se ommeng se ile sa siloa ka mochine hore e be phofo e mahoashe 'me e sebelisetsoa ho arola oli ea bohlokoa (EOs) ka ho tšeloa ka mouoane.Sesebelisoa sa distillation se ne se e-na le seaparo se futhumatsang sa motlakase, botlolo e pota-potiloeng ea 3000 mL, kholomo ea ho ntša, condenser, le sesebelisoa sa Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) .Kenya metsi a hloekisitsoeng a 1600 ml le likhaba tsa khalase tse 10-15 ka botlolong 'me ue chese hoo e ka bang 100 ° C u sebelisa hitara ea motlakase bonyane lihora tse 3 ho fihlela distillation e felile mme ha ho sa na EO e hlahisoang.Sekhahla sa EO se ne se arohane le karolo ea metsi e sebelisang funnel e arohaneng, e omisitsoeng holim'a anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) 'me e bolokiloe ka botlolo e sootho e tiisitsoeng ka 4 ° C ho fihlela ho hlahlojoa lik'hemik'hale le mosebetsi oa batho ba baholo.
Motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale oa oli ea bohlokoa o ile oa etsoa ka nako e le 'ngoe le bioassay bakeng sa ntho ea batho ba baholo.Tlhahlobo ea boleng e entsoe ka mokhoa oa GC-MS o nang le Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A chromatograph ea khase e nang le mochine o le mong oa quadrupole mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) le MSD 5975C (EI). ).(Agilent Technologies).
Kholomo ea Chromatographic - DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × botenya ba filimi 0.25 µm).Kakaretso ea nako ea ho sebetsa ea GC-MS e bile metsotso e 20.Maemo a tlhahlobo ke hore mocheso oa ente le mohala oa phetiso ke 250 le 280 °C, ka ho latellana;mocheso oa sebōpi o behiloe ho eketseha ho tloha ho 50 ° C ho ea ho 250 ° C ka tekanyo ea 10 ° C / min, khase e tsamaisang thepa ke helium;sekhahla sa phallo 1.0 ml / min;bophahamo ba ente ke 0.2 µL (1/10% ka bophahamo ba modumo ho CH2Cl2, karo-karolelano ea 100: 1);Sistimi ea ionization ea elektrone e nang le matla a ionization ea 70 eV e sebelisoa bakeng sa ho lemoha GC-MS.Sebaka sa ho fumana ke 50-550 atomic mass units (amu) 'me lebelo la ho hlahloba ke 2.91 scans ka motsotsoana.Liphesente tse amanang tsa likarolo li hlahisoa e le liphesente tse tloahelehileng ho latela sebaka se phahameng.Ho khetholla metsoako ea EO ho itšetlehile ka index ea bona ea ho boloka (RI).RI e ile ea baloa ho sebelisoa equation ea Van den Dool le Kratz [37] bakeng sa letoto la n-alkanes (C8-C40) le bapisoa le li-indices tsa ho boloka ho tloha lingoliloeng [38] le li-database tsa library (NIST 2008 le Wiley 8NO8).Boitsebahatso ba metsoako e bontšitsoeng, joalo ka sebopeho le foromo ea limolek'hule, bo netefalitsoe ka ho bapisa le lisampole tsa 'nete tse fumanehang.
Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo bakeng sa synthetic permethrin le piperonyl butoxide (PBO, taolo e ntle lithutong tsa synergy) li ile tsa rekoa ho Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).Litsi tsa tlhahlobo tsa batho ba baholo ba Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO) le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea pampiri e kenngoeng ka permethrin (0.75%) li rekiloe khoebong ho tsoa Setsing sa Taolo ea Vector ea WHO Penang, Malaysia.Lik'hemik'hale tse ling kaofela le li-reagents tse sebelisitsoeng e ne e le tsa boemo ba tlhahlobo 'me li rekiloe litsing tsa lehae Profinseng ea Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Menang e neng e sebelisoa e le likokoana-hloko tsa tlhahlobo ea bioassay ea batho ba baholo e ne e le laboratori ea ho nyalana ka bolokolohi ea menoang ea Aedes.aegypti, ho kenyeletsoa mofuta oa Muang Chiang Mai o hlaselehang habonolo (MCM-S) le mofuta o hanyetsanang oa Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R).Strain MCM-S e nkiloe ho lisampole tsa lehae tse bokeletsoeng sebakeng sa Muang Chiang Mai, Profinseng ea Chiang Mai, Thailand, 'me e bolokiloe ka phaposing ea thuto ea likokoanyana ea Lefapha la Parasitology, CMU School of Medicine, ho tloha 1995 [39].Mofuta oa PMD-R, o fumanoeng o hanana le permethrin, o ne o arohane le menoang ea masimong qalong e neng e bokelloa Ban Pang Mai Dang, Seterekeng sa Mae Tang, Profinseng ea Chiang Mai, Thailand, 'me esale e bolokiloe setsing se le seng ho tloha 1997 [40 ].Mathata a PMD-R a ile a lengoa tlas'a khatello e khethehileng ea ho boloka maemo a ho hanyetsa ka ho pepesehela 0.75% permetrin ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa ho lemoha tsa WHO tse nang le liphetoho tse ling [41].Mofuta o mong le o mong oa Ae.Aedes aegypti e ile ea kenngoa ka bonngoe ka laboratoring e se nang likokoana-hloko ho 25 ± 2 ° C le 80 ± 10% mongobo o amanang le 14:10 h khanya / nako e lefifi.Hoo e ka bang li-larvae tse 200 li ne li bolokoa ka har'a literei tsa polasetiki (33 cm ka bolelele, 28 cm bophara le 9 cm holimo) tse tletseng metsi a pompo ka bongata ba li-larvae tse 150-200 ka tereing 'me li feptjoa habeli ka letsatsi ka libisikiti tsa ntja tse hloekisitsoeng.Liboko tsa batho ba baholo li ne li bolokoa ka har'a lihoete tse mongobo 'me li lula li feptjoa ka 10% ea aqueous sucrose solution le 10% ea tharollo ea sirapo ea multivitamin.Menang e tšehali e lula e monya mali ho behela mahe.Basali ba matsatsi a mabeli ho isa ho a mahlano ba sa feptjoang mali ba ka sebelisoa khafetsa litekong tsa liteko tsa batho ba baholo ba baeloji.
Tlhahlobo ea bioassay ea ho shoa ha tekanyo ea EO e entsoe ho menoang ea Aedes e tšehali e kholo.aegypti, MCM-S le PMD-R ba sebelisa mokhoa oa lihlooho o fetotsoeng ho latela protocol e tloaelehileng ea WHO bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea ho ba le ts'oaetso [42].EO ho tloha semela se seng le se seng e ne e hlapolotsoe ka motsoako o loketseng (mohlala, ethanol kapa acetone) ho fumana letoto le fumaneng mangolo la 4-6.Ka mor'a anesthesia le carbon dioxide (CO2), menoang e ne e lekanngoa ka bonngoe.Menang e hlabosang e ile ea bolokoa e sa sisinyehe pampiring e ommeng ea sefa holim'a poleiti e batang e tloaelehileng tlas'a stereomicroscope ho thibela ts'ebetso hape nakong ea ts'ebetso.Bakeng sa phekolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, 0.1 μl ea tharollo ea EO e ile ea sebelisoa karolong e ka holimo ea basali ho sebelisoa microdispenser ea letsoho ea Hamilton (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA).Basali ba mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano ba ne ba phekoloa ka mahloriso ka 'ngoe, ka lefu le tsoang ho 10% ho ea ho 95% bakeng sa bonyane likarolo tse fapaneng tsa 4.Menang e neng e tšeloa ka sehlaolosi e ne e sebetsa e le taolo.Ho thibela tšilafalo ea lisampole tsa liteko, nka sebaka sa pampiri ea sefa sebaka ka pampiri e ncha ea filthara bakeng sa EO ka 'ngoe e lekiloeng.Litekanyetso tse sebelisoang litlhahlobong tsena tsa bioloji li hlahisoa ka li-micrograms tsa EO ka milligram ea boima ba 'mele oa basali.Ts'ebetso ea PBO ea batho ba baholo le eona e ile ea hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le oa EO, 'me PBO e sebelisoa e le taolo e ntle litekong tsa synergistic.Menang e alafiloeng lihlopheng tsohle e ile ea kenngoa ka likomiking tsa polasetiki 'me ea fuoa 10% ea sucrose hammoho le 10% ea sirapo ea multivitamin.Litlhahlobo tsohle tsa bioloji li entsoe ho 25 ± 2 °C le 80 ± 10% mongobo o amanang le ho pheta-pheta ka makhetlo a mane ka taolo.Ho shoa ha batho nakong ea kholiso ea lihora tse 24 ho ile ha hlahlojoa le ho netefatsoa ke ho se arabele ha monoang ho susumetsoang ke mechine, 'me ho ile ha tlalehoa ho latela karolelano ea likopi tse' nè.Liphekolo tsa liteko li ile tsa phetoa ka makhetlo a mane bakeng sa sampole ka 'ngoe ea tlhahlobo ho sebelisoa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa menoang.Liphetho li ile tsa akaretsoa 'me tsa sebelisoa ho bala palo ea palo ea batho ba shoang, e ileng ea sebelisoa ho fumana tekanyo ea lihora tse 24 ka tlhahlobo ea probit.
Phello ea synergistic anticidal ea EO le permetrin e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho hlahloba chefo ea sebakeng seo [42] joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pele.Sebelisa acetone kapa ethanol e le solvent ho lokisa permethrin nakong ea mahloriso a lakatsehang, hammoho le motsoako oa binary oa EO le permetrin (EO-permethrin: permetrin e kopantsoeng le EO ho LD25 concentration).Lisebelisoa tsa liteko (permethrin le EO-permethrin) li ile tsa hlahlojoa khahlanong le mefuta ea MCM-S le PMD-R ea Ae.Aedes Egepeta.Monoang o mong le o mong ho e 25 o motšehali o ile oa fuoa litekanyo tse ’nè tsa permethrin ho hlahloba katleho ea oona ho bolaee batho ba baholo, ’me phekolo ka ’ngoe e phetoa ka makhetlo a mane.Ho tsebahatsa li-synergists tsa mokhethoa oa EO, litekanyo tse 4 ho isa ho tse 6 tsa EO-permethrin li ile tsa fuoa e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea menoang e tšehali ea 25, kopo e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e phetoa ka makhetlo a mane.Phekolo ea PBO-permetrin (permethrin e kopantsoeng le LD25 concentration ea PBO) e boetse e sebetsa e le taolo e ntle.Litekanyetso tse sebelisitsoeng litlhahlobong tsena tsa bioloji li hlahisoa ka li-nanograms tsa sampole ea tlhahlobo ka milligram ea boima ba 'mele oa mosali.Liteko tse 'ne tsa mofuta o mong le o mong oa menoang li ile tsa etsoa ka lihlopha tse holisitsoeng ka bomong,' me lintlha tsa lefu li ile tsa kopanngoa le ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Probit ho fumana tekanyo e bolaeang ea lihora tse 24.
Sekhahla sa batho ba shoang se ile sa fetoloa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa Abbott [43].Lintlha tse fetotsoeng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke Probit regression analysis ho sebelisa lenaneo la lipalo-palo tsa k'homphieutha SPSS (version 19.0).Litekanyetso tse bolaeang tsa 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% le 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 le LD99, ka ho latellana) li ne li baloa ho sebelisoa linako tse lumellanang tsa 95% (95% CI).Litekanyo tsa bohlokoa le liphapang lipakeng tsa lisampole tsa liteko li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea chi-square kapa tlhahlobo ea Mann-Whitney U ka har'a tlhahlobo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea baeloji.Liphetho li ne li nkoa e le tsa bohlokoa ka lipalo ho P<0.05.Coefficient ea ho hanyetsa (RR) e hakanngoa boemong ba LD50 ho sebelisa foromo e latelang [12]:
RR> 1 e bontša ho hanyetsa, 'me RR ≤ 1 e bontša kutloisiso.Boleng ba karolelano ea synergy (SR) ea mokhethoa e mong le e mong oa synergist bo baloa ka tsela e latelang [34, 35, 44]:
Ntho ena e arola liphetho ka mekhahlelo e meraro: boleng ba SR ba 1±0.05 bo nkoa bo se na phello e bonahalang, boleng ba SR ba> 1.05 bo nkoa bo na le phello ea synergistic, 'me boleng ba SR ba A light yellow liquid oli e ka ba. e fumanoang ka ho tšeloa mouoane oa li-rhizomes tsa C. rotundus le A. galanga le makhapetla a C. verum.Lihlahisoa tse neng li baloa ka boima bo omileng e ne e le 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), le 0.54% (v/v).w) ka ho latellana (Letlapa la 1).Phuputso ea GC-MS ea lik'hemik'hale tsa oli ea C. rotundus, A. galanga le C. verum e bontšitse boteng ba metsoako ea 19, 17 le 21, e neng e le 80.22, 86.75 le 97.24% ea likarolo tsohle, ka ho latellana (Letlapa la 2). ).C. lucidum rhizome oli metsoako haholo-holo e na le cyperonene (14.04%), e lateloa ke carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), le α-capsellan (7.53%).Karolo e ka sehloohong ea lik'hemik'hale tsa oli ea galangal rhizome ke β-bisabolene (18.27%), e lateloa ke α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) le piperonol (10.09%).Le hoja cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) e ne e tsejoa e le karolo e ka sehloohong ea oli ea C. verum bark, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) le 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) e ne e nkoa e le lisebelisoa tse nyenyane.Mehaho ea lik'hemik'hale tsa cyperne, β-bisabolene le cinnamaldehyde ke metsoako e ka sehloohong ea C. rotundus, A. galanga le C. verum, ka ho latellana, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 2.
Liphetho ho tsoa ho li-OO tse tharo li hlahlobile tšebetso ea batho ba baholo khahlano le menoang ea Aedes.menoang ea aegypti e bontšoa ho Lethathamo la 3. Li-EO tsohle li fumanoe li e-na le liphello tse bolaeang ho menoang ea MCM-S Aedes ka mefuta le litekanyetso tse fapaneng.Aedes Egepeta.EO e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa ke C. verum, e lateloa ke A. galanga le C. rotundus e nang le litekanyetso tsa LD50 tsa 3.30, 7.97 le 10.05 μg/mg MCM-S tse tšehali ka ho latellana, tse phahameng hanyenyane ho feta 3.22 (U = 1 ), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) le 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg / mg PMD -R ho basali.Sena se tsamaellana le PBO e nang le phello e phahameng hanyane ho batho ba baholo ho PMD-R ho feta mofuta oa MSM-S, o nang le boleng ba LD50 ba 4.79 le 6.30 μg/mg basali, ka ho latellana (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Ho ka baloa hore litekanyetso tsa LD50 tsa C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus le PBO khahlano le PMD-R li batla li le 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 le 0.76 linako tse tlase ho feta tse khahlano le MCM-S, ka ho latellana.Kahoo, sena se bontša hore ho ba le monyetla oa ho ba le PBO le EO ho batla ho tšoana pakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli ea Aedes.Le hoja PMD-R e ne e le bonolo ho feta MCM-S, kutloisiso ea Aedes aegypti e ne e se ea bohlokoa.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mefuta e 'meli ea Aedes e ne e fapane haholo ka kutloisiso ea eona ho permetrin.Egepeta (Letlapa la 4).PMD-R e bontšitse khanyetso e kholo ho permethrin (boleng ba LD50 = 0.44 ng / mg ho basali) e nang le LD50 e phahameng ea 3.70 ha e bapisoa le MCM-S (LD50 value = 0.44 ng / mg ho basali) ng / mg ho basali (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0,029).Le hoja PMD-R e sa amehe haholo ho permetrin ho feta MCM-S, kutloisiso ea eona ho PBO le C. verum, A. galanga, le C. rotundus oli e phahame hanyenyane ho feta MCM-S.
Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe ho batho ba baholo ba bioassay ea motsoako oa EO-permethrin, metsoako ea binary ea permethrin le EO (LD25) e bontšitse synergy (boleng ba SR> 1.05) kapa ha ho na phello (boleng ba SR = 1 ± 0.05).Liphello tse rarahaneng tsa batho ba baholo ba motsoako oa EO-permethrin ho menoang ea albino ea liteko.Mefuta ea Aedes aegypti ea MCM-S le PMD-R e bontšoa ho Lethathamo la 4 le Setšoantšo sa 3. Ho eketsoa ha oli ea C. verum ho fumanoe ho fokotsa hanyenyane LD50 ea permetrin khahlanong le MCM-S le ho eketsa hanyenyane LD50 khahlanong le PMD-R ho 0.44– 0 .42 ng / mg ho basali le ho tloha ho 3.70 ho ea ho 3.85 ng / mg ho basali, ka ho latellana.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho eketsoa ha oli ea C. rotundus le A. galanga ho fokolitse haholo LD50 ea permetrin ho MCM-S ho tloha 0.44 ho ea ho 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) le ho 0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg basali.Ho ipapisitsoe le litekanyetso tsa LD50 tsa MCM-S, litekanyetso tsa SR tsa motsoako oa EO-permethrin ka mor'a ho eketsoa ha oli ea C. rotundus le A. galanga e ne e le 6.28 le 4.00, ka ho latellana.Ka lebaka leo, LD50 ea permethrin khahlanong le PMD-R e fokotsehile haholo ho tloha 3.70 ho 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) le ho 0.003 ka ho eketsoa ha C. rotundus le A. galanga oli (U = 0) ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg mosali.Boleng ba SR ba permetrin bo kopantsoeng le C. rotundus khahlanong le PMD-R e ne e le 8.81, athe boleng ba SR ba motsoako oa galangal-permetrin e ne e le 1233.33.Mabapi le MCM-S, boleng ba LD50 ba PBO ea taolo e ntle bo fokotsehile ho tloha ho 0.44 ho ea ho 0.26 ng / mg (basali) le ho tloha ho 3.70 ng / mg (basali) ho ea ho 0.65 ng / mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) le PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Litekanyetso tsa SR tsa motsoako oa PBO-permetrin bakeng sa mefuta ea MCM-S le PMD-R e ne e le 1.69 le 5.69, ka ho latellana.Liphetho tsena li bontša hore C. rotundus le A. galanga oli le PBO li matlafatsa chefo ea permethrin ka tekanyo e kholo ho feta C. verum oli bakeng sa mefuta ea MCM-S le PMD-R.
Mosebetsi oa batho ba baholo (LD50) oa EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) le metsoako ea bona khahlanong le pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) le mefuta e hanyetsanang (PMD-R) ea menoang ea Aedes.Aedes Egepeta
[45].Li-synthetic pyrethroids li sebelisoa lefatšeng ka bophara ho laola hoo e batlang e le li-arthropods tsa bohlokoa ba temo le tsa bongaka.Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la liphello tse kotsi tsa tšebeliso ea likokoana-hloko tsa maiketsetso, haholo-holo mabapi le tsoelo-pele le ho ata ha menoang, hammoho le phello ea bophelo bo botle ba nako e telele le tikoloho, hona joale ho na le tlhokahalo e potlakileng ea ho fokotsa tšebeliso. ea meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana ea setso le ho hlahisa mekhoa e meng [35, 46, 47].Ntle le ho sireletsa tikoloho le bophelo bo botle ba batho, melemo ea likokoana-hloko tsa botanical e kenyelletsa khetho e phahameng, ho fumaneha ha lefatše, le boiketlo ba tlhahiso le tšebeliso, ho etsa hore li khahle haholoanyane bakeng sa taolo ea menoang [32,48, 49].Phuputso ena, ntle le ho hlakisa litšobotsi tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa oli ea bohlokoa e sebetsang ka tlhahlobo ea GC-MS, e boetse e lekola matla a oli ea bohlokoa ea batho ba baholo le bokhoni ba bona ba ho ntlafatsa chefo ea synthetic permethrin.aegypti ka har'a mefuta e hlabang ea pyrethroid (MCM-S) le mefuta e hanyetsanang (PMD-R).
Tlhaloso ea GC-MS e bontšitse hore cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) le cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) e ne e le likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa C. rotundus, A. galanga le C. verum oli, ka ho latellana.Lik'hemik'hale tsena li bontšitse mesebetsi e fapaneng ea baeloji.Ahn le al.[50] e tlalehile hore 6-acetoxycyperene, e arohaneng le rhizome ea C. rotundus, e sebetsa e le motsoako oa antitumor 'me e ka etsa hore apoptosis e itšetlehileng ka caspase ka lisele tsa kankere ea mahe a bomme.β-Bisabolene, e ntšitsoeng oli ea bohlokoa ea sefate sa myra, e bonts'a cytotoxicity e khethehileng khahlanong le lisele tsa tumor tsa mammary tsa motho le mouse ka in vitro le vivo [51].Cinnamaldehyde, e fumanoeng ho tsoa litsing tsa tlhaho kapa e entsoeng ka laboratoring, ho tlalehiloe hore e na le likokoana-hloko, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer le antiangiogenic [52].
Liphetho tsa bioassay ea mesebetsi ea batho ba baholo e itšetlehileng ka lethal dose li bontšitse bokhoni bo botle ba li-EO tse lekiloeng 'me li bontšitse hore mefuta ea menoang ea Aedes MCM-S le PMD-R e ne e e-na le ts'oaetso e tšoanang ho EO le PBO.Aedes Egepeta.Papiso ea katleho ea EO le permetrin e bontšitse hore ea morao-rao e na le phello e matla ea allercidal: LD50 litekanyetso ke 0.44 le 3.70 ng / mg ho basali bakeng sa mefuta ea MCM-S le PMD-R, ka ho latellana.Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsoa ke liphuputso tse ngata tse bontšang hore chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka tlhaho, haholo-holo lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ke limela, hangata ha e sebetse ho feta lintho tsa maiketsetso [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Sena se ka 'na sa bakoa ke hore ea pele ke motsoako o rarahaneng oa metsoako e sebetsang kapa e sa sebetseng, ha ea morao e le motsoako o hloekisitsoeng o le mong o sebetsang.Leha ho le joalo, mefuta-futa le ho rarahana ha metsoako ea tlhaho e sebetsang ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso e ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko kapa ea sitisa tsoelo-pele ea khanyetso ho batho ba amohelang [55, 56, 57].Bafuputsi ba bangata ba tlalehile bokhoni ba ho thibela menoang ea C. verum, A. galanga le C. rotundus le likarolo tsa bona tse kang β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde le 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63 ,64].Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng e senoletse hore ha ho e-s'o be le litlaleho tse fetileng tsa phello ea eona ea synergistic le permethrin kapa likokoana-hloko tse ling tse entsoeng khahlanong le menoang ea Aedes.Aedes Egepeta.
Phuputsong ena, ho ile ha bonoa phapang e kholo ea ho ba le ts'oaetso ea permetrin pakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli ea Aedes.Aedes Egepeta.MCM-S e na le kutloelo-bohloko ho permetrin, athe PMD-R ha e na kutloelo-bohloko haholo ho eona, e nang le tekanyo ea ho hanyetsa ea 8.41.Ha ho bapisoa le kutloisiso ea MCM-S, PMD-R ha e na kutloelo-bohloko ho permetrin empa e na le maikutlo a mangata ho EO, e fana ka motheo oa lithuto tse tsoelang pele tse reretsoeng ho eketsa katleho ea permetrin ka ho e kopanya le EO.A synergistic motsoako-based bioassay bakeng sa liphello tsa batho ba baholo e bontšitse hore metsoako ea binary ea EO le permetrin e fokolitse kapa e eketseha ho shoa ha batho ba baholo ba Aedes.Aedes Egepeta.Keketso ea oli ea C. verum e fokolitse hanyenyane LD50 ea permethrin khahlano le MCM-S empa hanyenyane e ile ea eketsa LD50 khahlano le PMD-R ka litekanyetso tsa SR tsa 1.05 le 0.96, ka ho latellana.Sena se bontša hore oli ea C. verum ha e na phello ea synergistic kapa antagonistic ho permetrin ha e lekoa ho MCM-S le PMD-R.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, oli ea C. rotundus le A. galanga e bontšitse phello e kholo ea synergistic ka ho fokotsa haholo litekanyetso tsa LD50 tsa permethrin ho MCM-S kapa PMD-R.Ha permetrin e kopantsoe le EO ea C. rotundus le A. galanga, litekanyetso tsa SR tsa motsoako oa EO-permetrin bakeng sa MCM-S e ne e le 6.28 le 4.00, ka ho latellana.Ho phaella moo, ha permetrin e ne e hlahlojoa khahlanong le PMD-R hammoho le C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) kapa A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), litekanyetso tsa SR ​​li eketsehile haholo.Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore bobeli ba C. rotundus le A. galanga ba matlafalitse chefo ea permetrin khahlanong le PMD-R Ae.Egepeta haholo.Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, PBO e fumanoe e eketsa chefo ea permethrin e nang le boleng ba SR ea 1.69 le 5.69 bakeng sa mefuta ea MCM-S le PMD-R, ka ho latellana.Kaha C. rotundus le A. galanga li ne li e-na le litekanyetso tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa SR, li ne li nkoa e le li-synergists tse molemo ka ho fetisisa tsa ho ntlafatsa chefo ea permethrin ho MCM-S le PMD-R, ka ho latellana.
Liphuputso tse 'maloa tse fetileng li tlalehile phello ea synergistic ea motsoako oa likokoana-hloko tsa maiketsetso le lihlahisoa tsa limela khahlanong le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea menoang.Tlhahlobo ea larvicidal bioassay khahlanong le Anopheles Stephensi e ithutoang ke Kalayanasundaram le Das [65] e bontšitse hore fenthion, organophosphate e pharaletseng, e amahanngoa le Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax le Parthenium hysterophorus.Tšebelisano e kholo e ile ea bonoa pakeng tsa li-extracts tse nang le phello ea synergistic (SF) ea 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 le 2.23, ka ho latellana.Tlhahlobong ea larvicidal ea mefuta ea 15 ea mangrove, petroleum ether extract ea metso ea mangrove stilted e fumanoe e sebetsa ka ho fetisisa khahlanong le Culex quinquefasciatus e nang le boleng ba LC50 ba 25.7 mg / L [66].Phello ea synergistic ea sehlahisoa sena le pyrethrum ea botanical insecticide e boetse e tlalehoa ho fokotsa LC50 ea pyrethrum khahlanong le C. quinquefasciatus larvae ho tloha 0.132 mg / L ho 0.107 mg / L, ho phaella moo, palo ea SF ea 1.23 e sebelisitsoe thutong ena.34,35,44].Bokhoni bo kopantseng ba motsoako oa motso oa citron oa Solanum le meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e mengata (mohlala, fenthion, cypermethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) le timethphos (anganophosphorus larvicide)) khahlanong le menoang ea Anopheles e ile ea hlahlojoa.Stephensi [54] le C. quinquefasciatus [34].Tšebeliso e kopanetsoeng ea cypermethrin le tholoana e mosehla ea petroleum ether extract e bontšitse phello ea synergistic ho cypermethrin ka likarolo tsohle.Karo-karolelano e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa e ne e le 1: 1 e kopantsoeng le LC50 le SF boleng ba 0.0054 ppm le 6.83, ka ho latellana, mabapi le An.Stephen West[54].Le hoja motsoako oa 1: 1 oa binary oa S. xanthocarpum le temephos e ne e le khahlanong le (SF = 0.6406), motsoako oa S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1: 1) o bontšitse mosebetsi oa synergistic khahlanong le C. quinquefasciatus le SF ea 1.3125 [34]].Tong le Blomquist [35] ba ithutile ka litlamorao tsa semela sa ethylene oxide ho chefo ea carbaryl (e pharaletseng-spectrum carbamate) le permethrin ho menoang ea Aedes.Aedes Egepeta.Liphetho li bontšitse hore ethylene oxide e tsoang ho agar, pepere e ntšo, junipere, helichrysum, sandalwood le sesame e ekelitse chefo ea carbaryl ho menoang ea Aedes.Litekanyetso tsa aegypti larvae SR li fapana ho tloha ho 1.0 ho isa ho 7.0.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho le e 'ngoe ea li-EO e neng e le chefo ho menoang e meholo ea Aedes.Mothating ona, ha ho litlamorao tsa synergistic tse tlalehiloeng bakeng sa motsoako oa Aedes aegypti le EO-carbaryl.PBO e ne e sebelisoa e le taolo e nepahetseng ho matlafatsa chefo ea carbaryl khahlano le menoang ea Aedes.Litekanyetso tsa SR tsa Aedes aegypti larvae le batho ba baholo ke 4.9-9.5 le 2.3, ka ho latellana.Ke metsoako ea binary feela ea permetrin le EO kapa PBO e ileng ea lekoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea larvicidal.Motsoako oa EO-permethrin o ne o e-na le phello e hanyetsang, ha motsoako oa PBO-permethrin o ne o e-na le phello ea synergistic khahlanong le menoang ea Aedes.Larvae ea Aedes aegypti.Leha ho le joalo, liteko tsa karabelo ea lethal dose le tlhahlobo ea SR bakeng sa metsoako ea PBO-permethrin ha e so etsoe.Le hoja liphetho tse fokolang li fihletsoe mabapi le liphello tsa synergistic tsa metsoako ea phytosynthetic khahlanong le likokoana-hloko tsa menoang, lintlha tsena li tšehetsa liphello tse teng, tse bulang tebello ea ho eketsa li-synergists eseng feela ho fokotsa tekanyo e sebelisoang, empa hape le ho eketsa phello ea ho bolaea.Ho sebetsa hantle ha likokoanyana.Ho phaella moo, liphello tsa phuputso ena li bontšitse ka lekhetlo la pele hore oli ea C. rotundus le A. galanga ka synergistically e sebetsa ka katleho e phahameng haholo khahlanong le mefuta ea Aedes e hanyetsanang le pyrethroid le pyrethroid ha e bapisoa le PBO ha e kopantsoe le chefo ea permethrin.Aedes Egepeta.Leha ho le joalo, liphello tse sa lebelloang tsa tlhahlobo ea synergistic li bontšitse hore oli ea C. verum e na le ts'ebetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa e khahlanong le batho ba baholo khahlanong le mefuta e 'meli ea Aedes.Ho makatsang ke hore phello e chefo ea permethrin ho Aedes aegypti e ne e sa khotsofatse.Phapang ea litlamorao tse chefo le litlamorao tsa synergistic e kanna ea bakoa ke ho pepesehela mefuta e fapaneng le maemo a likarolo tsa bioactive lioling tsena.
Ho sa tsotellehe boiteko ba ho utloisisa mokhoa oa ho ntlafatsa katleho, mekhoa ea synergistic e ntse e sa hlaka.Mabaka a ka bang teng bakeng sa katleho e fapaneng le bokhoni ba synergistic a ka kenyelletsa phapang ea metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale ea lihlahisoa tse lekiloeng le phapang ea ho ba le ts'oaetso ea menoang e amanang le boemo ba khanyetso le nts'etsopele.Ho na le phapang pakeng tsa likarolo tse kholo le tse nyenyane tsa ethylene oxide tse lekiloeng thutong ena, 'me tse ling tsa metsoako ena li bontšitsoe hore li na le liphello tse lelekang le tse chefo khahlanong le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea likokoanyana le likokoana-hloko tsa mafu [61,62,64,67,68].Leha ho le joalo, metsoako e ka sehloohong e khetholloang ho C. rotundus, A. galanga le C. verum oli, tse kang cypern, β-bisabolene le cinnamaldehyde, ha lia ka tsa lekoa pampiring ena bakeng sa mesebetsi ea bona e khahlanong le batho ba baholo le ea synergistic khahlanong le Ae, ka ho latellana.Aedes Egepeta.Ka hona, lithuto tsa nakong e tlang lia hlokahala ho arola metsoako e sebetsang e teng ka har'a oli e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea bohlokoa le ho hlakisa katleho ea tsona ea ho bolaea likokoanyana le likamano tsa synergistic khahlanong le vector ena ea menoang.Ka kakaretso, ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko e itšetlehile ka ketso le karabelo pakeng tsa chefo le likokoana-hloko tsa likokoanyana, tse ka nolofatsoang le ho aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro: ho kenella ka har'a letlalo la 'mele oa kokoanyana le li-membrane tsa setho sa sepheo, ho kenya tšebetsong (= ho sebelisana le sepheo) le ho tlosa chefo.lintho tse chefo [57, 69].Ka hona, synergism ea likokoanyana e bakang katleho e eketsehileng ea metsoako e chefo e hloka bonyane e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsena, tse kang ho kenella ho eketsehileng, ho kenya letsoho ho hoholo ha metsoako e bokelletsoeng, kapa ho fokotseha ho fokolang ha motsoako o sebetsang oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Mohlala, mamello ea matla e liehisa ho kenella ha cuticle ka sekhahla se teteaneng le ho hanyetsa lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka metabolism e ntlafetseng ea likokoanyana tse bonoang mefuteng e meng e hanyetsanang ea likokoanyana [70, 71].Katleho e kholo ea li-EO ho eketsa chefo ea permetrin, haholo-holo khahlanong le PMD-R, e ka bontša tharollo ea bothata ba ho hanyetsa likokoanyana ka ho sebelisana le mekhoa ea ho hanyetsa [57, 69, 70, 71].Tong le Blomquist [35] ba tšehelitse liphetho tsa phuputso ena ka ho bontša tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa li-EO le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.aegypti, ho na le bopaki ba ts'ebetso ea inhibitory khahlanong le li-enzyme tsa detoxifying, ho kenyelletsa le cytochrome P450 monooxygenases le carboxylesterases, tse amanang haufi-ufi le nts'etsopele ea ho hanyetsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea setso.PBO ha e bolele feela hore ke metabolic inhibitor ea cytochrome P450 monooxygenase empa hape e ntlafatsa ho kenella ha likokoanyana, joalokaha ho bontšoa ke tšebeliso ea eona e le taolo e ntle lithutong tsa synergistic [35, 72].Hoa thahasellisa hore 1,8-cineole, e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa tse fumanoang oli ea galangal, e tsejoa ka liphello tsa eona tse chefo ho mefuta ea likokoanyana [22, 63, 73]' me e tlalehiloe hore e na le liphello tsa synergistic libakeng tse 'maloa tsa lipatlisiso tsa likokoana-hloko [ 74]..,75,76,77].Ho phaella moo, 1,8-cineole hammoho le lithethefatsi tse sa tšoaneng tse akarelletsang curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] le zidovudine [81] le tsona li na le phello e khothalletsang ho phalla.ka vitro.Ka hona, karolo e ka 'nang ea e-ba teng ea 1,8-cineole ka ketso ea li-synergistic insecticidal hase feela e le motsoako o sebetsang empa hape e le mokhoa o matlafatsang oa ho kenella.Ka lebaka la ho sebelisana ho hoholo le permethrin, haholo-holo khahlanong le PMD-R, liphello tsa synergistic tsa oli ea galangal le oli ea trichosanthes tse hlokometsoeng thutong ena li ka bakoa ke ho sebelisana le mekhoa ea ho hanyetsa, ke hore, ho eketseha ha chlorine.Li-pyrethroids li eketsa ts'ebetso ea metsoako e bokelitsoeng le ho thibela li-enzyme tse senyang chefo tse kang cytochrome P450 monooxygenases le carboxylesterases.Leha ho le joalo, likarolo tsena li hloka boithuto bo eketsehileng ho hlakisa karolo e itseng ea EO le metsoako ea eona e ka thoko (e le mong kapa e kopane) mekhoeng ea synergistic.
Ka 1977, litekanyetso tse ntseng li eketseha tsa ho hanyetsa permethrin li ile tsa tlalehoa ho batho ba bangata ba li-vector Thailand, 'me lilemong tse mashome tse latelang, tšebeliso ea permethrin e ile ea nkeloa sebaka ke lik'hemik'hale tse ling tsa pyrethroid, haholo-holo tse nkeloang sebaka ke deltamethrin [82].Leha ho le joalo, ho hanyetsa vector ho deltamethrin le lihlopha tse ling tsa likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana ho atile haholo ho pholletsa le naha ka lebaka la tšebeliso e feteletseng le e phehellang [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].E le ho loantša bothata bona, ho khothalletsoa ho potoloha kapa ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e lahliloeng eo pele e neng e sebetsa le e seng chefo ho liphoofolo tse anyesang, tse kang permethrin.Hona joale, le hoja tšebeliso ea permethrin e fokotsehile mananeong a morao tjena a puso ea naha ea taolo ea menoang, khanyetso ea permetrin e ntse e ka fumanoa har'a batho ba nang le menoang.Sena se ka bakoa ke ho pepeseha ha menoang ho lihlahisoa tsa khoebo tse laolang likokoanyana, tseo haholo-holo li nang le permetrin le li-pyrethroids tse ling [14, 17].Ka hona, katleho e atlehileng ea permethrin e hloka nts'etsopele le ts'ebetsong ea maano a ho fokotsa khanyetso ea vector.Le hoja ho se le e 'ngoe ea oli ea bohlokoa e lekiloeng ka bonngoe thutong ena e neng e sebetsa hantle joaloka permethrin, ho sebetsa hammoho le permetrin ho ile ha fella ka liphello tse tsotehang tsa synergistic.Ena ke pontšo e tšepisang ea hore ho sebelisana ha EO le mekhoa ea ho hanyetsa ho fella ka hore motsoako oa permetrin le EO o sebetse ho feta chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana kapa EO feela, haholo-holo khahlanong le PMD-R Ae.Aedes Egepeta.Melemo ea metsoako ea synergistic ka katleho e ntseng e eketseha, ho sa tsotellehe tšebeliso ea litekanyetso tse tlaase bakeng sa taolo ea li-vector, e ka lebisa tlhokomelong e ntlafetseng ea ho hanyetsa le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo [33, 87].Ho tsoa ho liphetho tsena, hoa thabisa ho hlokomela hore A. galanga le C. rotundus EOs li ne li sebetsa haholo ho feta PBO ka synergizing permethrin toxicity ka bobeli MCM-S le PMD-R mefuta e meng e ka 'nang ea e-ba mokhoa o mong oa lithuso tsa setso tsa ergogenic.
Li-EO tse khethiloeng li bile le litlamorao tse kholo tsa synergistic ho matlafatsa chefo ea batho ba baholo khahlano le PMD-R Ae.aegypti, haholo-holo oli ea galangal, e na le boleng ba SR ho fihlela ho 1233.33, e bontšang hore EO e na le tšepiso e pharaletseng e le synergist ho ntlafatsa katleho ea permethrin.Sena se ka 'na sa susumetsa tšebeliso ea sehlahisoa se secha se sebetsang sa tlhaho, seo hammoho se ka eketsang tšebeliso ea lihlahisoa tse laolang menoang haholo.E boetse e senola bokhoni ba ethylene oxide e le mokhoa o mong oa synergist oa ho ntlafatsa ka katleho holim'a likokoanyana tsa khale kapa tsa setso ho rarolla mathata a teng a ho hanyetsa ho batho ba menoang.Ho sebelisa limela tse fumanehang habonolo mananeong a taolo ea menoang ha ho fokotse feela ho itšetleha ka thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling le e theko e boima, empa hape ho susumetsa boiteko ba lehae ba ho matlafatsa tsamaiso ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba.
Liphetho tsena li bontša ka ho hlaka phello ea bohlokoa ea synergistic e hlahisoang ke motsoako oa ethylene oxide le permetrin.Liphello li totobatsa bokhoni ba ethylene oxide e le synergist ea limela ho laola menoang, ho eketsa katleho ea permethrin khahlanong le menoang, haholo-holo ho batho ba hanyetsang.Lintlafatso tsa nako e tlang le lipatlisiso li tla hloka synergistic bioanalysis ea oli ea galangal le alpinia le metsoako ea tsona e ka thoko, motsoako oa chefo ea tlhaho kapa ea tlhaho khahlano le mefuta e mengata le methati ea menoang, le tlhahlobo ea chefo khahlano le likokoana-hloko tse sa lebelloang.Tšebeliso e sebetsang ea ethylene oxide e le mokhoa o mong o sebetsang oa synergist.
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